Editing Toyotomi Hideyoshi (section)

== Unification of Japan (1585–1592) ==
[[File:Toyotomi-Hideyoshi-Purge-Directive-Order-to-the-Jesuits-July-24-1587.png|thumb|Hideyoshi promulgated a ban on Christianity in form of the "Bateren-tsuiho-rei" (the Purge Directive Order to the Jesuits) on July 24, 1587.]]
[[File:Letter from Viceroy of Portuguese India Duarte de Menezes to Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1588.png|thumb|Letter from Duarte de Meneses, Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], to Hideyoshi dated April 1588, concerning the suppression of Christians, a National Treasure of Japan<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.horyuji.or.jp/kondo.htm
 |title       = Kondō
 |publisher   = [[Hōryū-ji]]
 |language    = ja
 |access-date  = November 23, 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111060042/http://www.horyuji.or.jp/kondo.htm
 |archive-date = January 11, 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.horyuji.or.jp/gojyunoto.htm
 |script-title = ja:五重塔
 |publisher    = [[Hōryū-ji]]
 |language     = ja
 |access-date   = November 23, 2009
 |url-status      = dead
 |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111080456/http://www.horyuji.or.jp/gojyunoto.htm
 |archive-date  = January 11, 2010
}}</ref>]]

=== Negoro-ji Campaign ===
{{Main|Siege of Negoro-ji|Siege of Ōta Castle}}
Also in 1585, Hideyoshi launched the [[siege of Negoro-ji]] and subjugated [[Kii Province]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA85 Berry 1982, pp. 85–86]</ref> The [[Negoro-gumi]], the warrior monks of [[Negoro-ji]], were allied with the [[Ikkō-ikki]] and with [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], whom they supported in the [[Battle of Komaki and Nagakute]] the previous year. After attacking a number of other outposts in the area, Hideyoshi's forces attacked Negoro-ji from two sides. Many of the Negoro-gumi had already fled to [[Ōta Castle]] by this time, which Hideyoshi later [[Siege of Ōta Castle|besieged]]. The complex was set aflame, beginning with the residences of the priests, and Hideyoshi's samurai cut down monks as they escaped the blazing buildings.

=== Shikoku Campaign ===
{{Main|Invasion of Shikoku}}
In the 1585 invasion of [[Shikoku]], Toyotomi forces seized Shikoku island, the smallest of Japan's four main islands, from [[Chōsokabe Motochika]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA83 Berry 1982, p. 83]</ref> Toyotomi's forces arrived 113,000 strong under [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]], [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]], [[Ukita Hideie]] and the [[Mōri clan]]'s "Two Rivers", [[Kobayakawa Takakage]] and [[Kikkawa Motoharu]]. Opposing them were 40,000 men of Chōsokabe's. Despite the overwhelming size of Hideyoshi's army, and the suggestions of his advisors, Motochika chose to fight to defend his territories. The battles culminated in the siege of [[Ichinomiya Castle]], which lasted for 26 days. Chōsokabe made a half-hearted attempt to relieve his castle from the siege, but eventually surrendered. He was allowed to keep [[Tosa Province]], while the rest of Shikoku was divided among Hideyoshi's generals.

=== Toyama Campaign ===
{{Main|Siege of Toyama}}
During the late summer of August 1585, Hideyoshi launched an attack on [[Etchū Province]] and [[Hida Province]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA84 Berry 1982, p. 84]</ref> He dispatched [[Kanamori Nagachika]] to destroy the [[Anegakōji clan]] of [[Hida Province|Hida]] while Hideyoshi carried out the [[siege of Toyama]] Castle. The Toyama Castle garrison of 20,000, led by Hideyoshi's former ally [[Sassa Narimasa]], tried to defend against Hideyoshi's 100,000 soldiers; in the end, Narimasa's defense was shattered, opening the way for Toyotomi's supremacy over [[Etchu province|Etchū Province]] and [[Hida Province]].

=== Kyushu Campaign ===
{{Main|Kyūshū Campaign}}
In 1586 Hideyoshi conquered [[Kyūshū]], wresting control from the [[Shimazu clan]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA87 Berry 1982, pp. 87–93]</ref> [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]], Hideyoshi's half-brother, landed to the south of [[Bungo province]] on Kyūshū's eastern coast. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi took his own forces down a more western route, in [[Chikuzen province]]. Later that year, with a total of 200,000 soldiers against the 30,000 men of the Shimazu forces, the two brothers met in [[Satsuma province]]. They [[Siege of Kagoshima|besieged Kagoshima castle]], the Shimazu clan's home. The Shimazu surrendered, and Hideyoshi was able to return his attention to the [[Hōjō clan]] of [[Kantō]], the last major clan to oppose him.

Later in 1587, Hideyoshi banished [[Christianity|Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] from Kyūshū, either to exert greater control over the ''[[Kirishitan]]'' ''daimyō''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA91 Berry 1982, pp. 91–93]</ref> or to prohibit human trafficking.<ref name="Japanslavesportuguese; Watanabe Daimon">{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=｢大量の日本人女性を､奴隷として本国に持ち帰る｣豊臣秀吉がキリスト教追放を決意したワケ  |trans-title="Bringing a large number of Japanese women back to his home country as slaves": Why Toyotomi Hideyoshi decided to expel Christianity |url=https://president.jp/articles/-/52513?page=3 |website=President Online |publisher=PRESIDENT Inc |access-date=June 4, 2024 |pages=1–3 |language=Ja |date=2021}}</ref> Around that time, at least 50,000 Japanese people were sold overseas as slaves, mainly by Portuguese merchants.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Arata Harumasa |title=｢日本人の奴隷化｣を食い止めた豊臣秀吉の大英断  |trans-title=Hideyoshi's Great Decision to Prevent the Enslavement of the Japanese People |url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/411584?display=b |website=Toyo Keizai Online |publisher=Toyo Keizai |access-date=June 5, 2024 |pages=1–4 |language=Ja |date=2021}}</ref> However, since he did much trade with Europeans, individual Christians were unofficially overlooked.

=== Sword Hunt ===
{{Main|Sword hunt}}
In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade ordinary peasants from owning weapons and started a [[sword hunt]] to confiscate all weapons owned by peasants.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA102 Berry 1982, pp. 102–106]</ref> The weapons were melted down into building material for the Hall of the Great Buddha at the [[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Hōkō-ji]] temple in [[Kyoto]], that was built by Hideyoshi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=John Whitney |title=The Cambridge history of Japan |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-22355-3 |location=Cambridge New York [etc]}}</ref> This measure effectively stopped peasant revolts, and ensured greater stability at the expense of freedom of the individual ''daimyō''.

=== Odawara Campaign ===
{{Main|Siege of Odawara (1590)}}
In 1590, Hideyoshi carried out the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Odawara Campaign]] against the [[Later Hōjō clan|Hōjō clan]] in the [[Kantō region]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA93 Berry 1982, pp. 93–96]</ref> This was the first battle that involved the alliance between Hideyoshi and [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]. Hideyoshi's army of 220,000 men surrounded [[Odawara Castle]] and its 82,000-strong Hōjō garrison, in what has been called "the most unconventional siege lines in samurai history". The samurai were entertained by everything from concubines, prostitutes, and musicians to [[acrobat]]s, fire-eaters, and [[juggler]]s. The defenders slept on the ramparts with their [[arquebuse]]s and armor; despite their smaller numbers, they discouraged Hideyoshi from attacking. Hideyoshi had [[Ishigakiyama Ichiya Castle]] secretly constructed in a nearby forest, and then had the forest chopped down, giving the impression it have been built overnight. This demoralized the defenders, leading to their surrender three months after the start of the siege. During the siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu the eight Hōjō-ruled provinces in the [[Kantō region]], in exchange for the submission of Ieyasu's five provinces, which Ieyasu accepted.

=== Death of Sen no Rikyū ===
{{Main|Sen no Rikyū}}
In February 1591, Hideyoshi ordered [[Sen no Rikyū]] to commit suicide, likely in one of his angry outbursts.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA223 Berry 1982, pp. 223–225]</ref> Rikyū had been a trusted retainer and master of the tea ceremony under both Hideyoshi and Nobunaga. Under Hideyoshi's patronage, Rikyū made significant changes to the aesthetics of the [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]] that had a lasting influence over many aspects of Japanese culture. Even after Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi is said to have built his many construction projects based upon aesthetics promoted by Rikyū.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Following Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi turned his attention from tea ceremony to [[Noh]], which he had been studying since becoming Imperial Regent. During his brief stay in [[Nagoya Castle (Hizen Province)|Nagoya Castle]] in what is today [[Saga Prefecture]], on [[Kyūshū]], Hideyoshi memorised the ''shite'' (lead role) parts of ten Noh plays, which he then performed, forcing various ''daimyō'' to accompany him onstage as the ''waki'' (secondary, accompanying role). He even performed before the emperor.<ref>[[Ichikawa Danjūrō XII|Ichikawa, Danjūrō XII]]. ''Danjūrō no kabuki annai'' ({{lang|ja|團十郎の歌舞伎案内}}, "Danjūrō's Guide to Kabuki"). Tokyo: PHP Shinsho, 2008. pp. 139–140.</ref>

=== Kunohe Rebellion ===
{{Main|Kunohe rebellion}}
The [[Kunohe rebellion]], an [[insurrection]] that occurred in [[Mutsu Province]] from March 13 to September 4, 1591, began when [[Kunohe Masazane]], a claimant to daimyo of the [[Nanbu clan]], launched a rebellion against his rival [[Nanbu Nobunao]] which spread across Mutsu Province. Nobunao was backed by Hideyoshi, who along with sent a large army into the [[Tōhoku region]] in mid-1591 which quickly defeated the rebels. Hideyoshi's army arrived at [[Kunohe Castle]] in early September. Masazane, outnumbered, surrendered Kunohe Castle and was executed with the castle defenders. The Kunohe rebellion was the final battle in Hideyoshi's campaigns during the Sengoku period and completed the unification of Japan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=978-1-85409-523-7|page=241}}</ref>