Editing Torture (section)

===Deterrence===
{{see also|Deterrence (penology)}}
Torture may also be used indiscriminately to terrorize people other than the direct victim or to deter opposition to the government.{{sfn|Hajjar|2013|p=23}}{{sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016|p=270}} [[Torture in the United States|In the United States]], torture was used to deter [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] from escaping or rebelling.{{sfn|Young|Kearns|2020|p=7}} Some defenders of judicial torture prior to its abolition argued that it deterred crime; reformers contended that because torture was carried out in secret, it could not be an effective deterrent.{{sfn|Barnes|2017|pp=26, 38, 41}} In the twentieth century, well-known examples include the [[Khmer Rouge]]{{sfn|Hajjar|2013|p=23}} and anti-communist regimes in Latin America, who tortured and murdered their victims as part of [[forced disappearance]].{{sfn|Hajjar|2013|p=28}} Authoritarian regimes often resort to indiscriminate repression because they cannot accurately identify potential opponents.{{sfn|Blakeley|2007|p=392}} Many insurgencies lack the necessary infrastructure for a torture program and instead intimidate by killing.{{sfn|Rejali|2009|p=38}} Research has found that state torture can extend the lifespan of terrorist organizations, increase incentives for insurgents to use violence, and radicalize the opposition.{{sfn|Hassner|2020|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Einolf|2023}} Another form of torture for deterrence is violence against migrants, as has been reported during [[pushback (migration)|pushbacks]] on the European Union's external borders.{{sfn|Guarch-Rubio ''et al''.|2020|pp=69, 78}}