Editing Tilting train (section)

===Japanese designs===
[[File:JRW series381 Yamatoji(Mahoroba).jpg|thumb|The 381 series, the first tilting EMU to enter regular service globally]]

Japan was an early adopter of tilting trains and continues to use them on many express services. Due to the slow and twisty nature of its conventional-speed, [[narrow gauge]] network, tilting trains were introduced as a way to speed up services on its congested main lines. The interurban [[Odakyu Electric Railway]] began Japan's first experiments in tilting technology in the 1960s by fitting pneumatic bogies to their electric railcars,<ref>「小田急座談 (Part1) 車両編」、「鉄道ピクトリアル アーカイブスセレクション」第1号、電気車研究会、2002年9月、 6-16頁.</ref> while the [[Japanese National Railways]] pioneered their form of passive-tilt technology on their experimental 591 series EMU with commercial express services on mountain lines in mind. The [[381 series]] was the first commercial tilting EMU in Asia, entering service in 1973 on the ''[[Shinano (train)|Shinano]]'' limited express services that operated on the hilly [[Chūō Main Line]]. The sets remained in operation until June 2024, when the last regularly scheduled trains ended on the ''[[Yakumo (train)|Yakumo]]'' service.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mochizuki |first=Asahi |date=March 2010 |title=Electric Trains and Japanese Technology |url=https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr55/pdf/30-38web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110153558/http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr55/pdf/30-38web.pdf |archive-date=10 Jan 2017 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Japan Railway and Transport Review }}</ref>

[[File:JRS 2000 series shimanto 2119.JPG|thumb|The JR Shikoku 2000 series DMU negotiating a tight curve on Shikoku's mountainous railway network]]

During the final years of the [[Japanese National Railways]], experimentation on mechanically-regulated passive tilt—a combination known as 'controlled passive tilt' (制御付き自然振子式), where tilt is initiated passively but controlled (and slowed) by computers through mechanical active suspension—culminated post-privatisation with the [[JR Shikoku 2000 series|2000 series]] DMU, built for [[Shikoku Railway Company|JR Shikoku]] and introduced on the ''Shiokaze'' and ''Nanpū'' limited express services in 1990.<ref name=":0" /> With problems of ride nausea and track wear alleviated, the benefits of tilting trains on the country's mountainous [[Cape gauge]] (1,067mm) railway system soon became apparent and since then these 'semi-active' tilting trains have seen widespread use on limited-express trains throughout the archipelago. Particularly well-known diesel and electric examples of this generation of tilting trains include [[JR Hokkaido]]'s [[KiHa 281 series]], [[JR East]]'s [[E351 series]], [[JR Central]]'s [[383 series]], [[JR Shikoku]]'s [[JR Shikoku 8000 series|8000 series]], and [[JR Kyushu]]'s [[885 series]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=More sources needed, provided source doesn't directly support statements}}

[[File:TEMU1000-1066-yilan.jpg|thumb|The Taiwanese TEMU1000 Series, based on the JR Kyushu 885 Series]]

This generation of designs has seen some popularity overseas—the 8000 series serves as the basis of the [[Electric Tilt Train]] built for [[Queensland Rail]]'s Cape Gauge network.<ref name="core">{{cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=Ross |title=Tilt Trains - The Queensland Experience |url=http://railknowledgebank.com/Presto/content/GetDoc.axd?ctID=MTk4MTRjNDUtNWQ0My00OTBmLTllYWUtZWFjM2U2OTE0ZDY3&rID=MzQx&pID=Nzkx&attchmnt=True&uSesDM=False&rIdx=MjgxMw==&rCFU= |publisher=Conference on Railway Engineering |access-date=25 December 2022 |location=Adelaide |date=21–23 May 2000 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225235825/http://railknowledgebank.com/Presto/content/GetDoc.axd?ctID=MTk4MTRjNDUtNWQ0My00OTBmLTllYWUtZWFjM2U2OTE0ZDY3&rID=MzQx&pID=Nzkx&attchmnt=True&uSesDM=False&rIdx=MjgxMw==&rCFU= |url-status=live }}</ref> The 885 series, built as part of the [[Hitachi A-train]] family, serves as the basis of the Taiwanese TEMU1000 series tilting EMU for [[Taroko Express]] services,<ref>[http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/hot_topics/2006/railway/ Hitachi is Boosting up Railway System Business in Taiwan – Tilting Train Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726022528/http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/hot_topics/2006/railway/ |date=26 July 2009 }} – Hitachi</ref> and some non-tilting variants including the [[British Rail Class 395]] and [[British Rail Class 801]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hitachirail-eu.com/products/our-trains/at300-intercity-high-speed |title=AT300 - Intercity High Speed |publisher=Hitachi Rail Europe |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200221070401/http://www.hitachirail-eu.com/products/our-trains/at300-intercity-high-speed |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:JR Hokkaido 201 series DMU 011.JPG|thumb|The KiHa 201 DMU, a unique application of active suspension technology to a commuter train]]

Later developments in pneumatic active suspension—based on the [[DB Class 403 (1973)]] built decades earlier—created a generation of trains with more limited tilt (around 2°) but are more economical to build and easier to maintain. The experimental [[300X]] built in 1995 developed into the [[N700 Series Shinkansen|N700 series]], the first revenue-earning tilting Shinkansen unit in 2007. Applications to [[Shinkansen]] lines—which would not have benefitted greatly with mechanical tilting mechanisms due to their already shallow curves that allow high speeds—allowed for greater ride comfort, less track wear and slightly higher speeds leading to increased frequency. The simplicity of this technology made it possible for smaller [[Private railway|private operators]] to introduce tilting trains, such as the [[Odakyu 50000 series VSE]], a luxurious sightseeing express train with active suspension introduced not to increase speeds but to enhance ride comfort; and even cheap enough to be applied to commuter stock, such as [[JR Hokkaido]]'s [[KiHa 201 series]], which improved speeds and frequencies on [[Sapporo]]'s partly non-electrified suburban railway system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osano |first=Kagehisa |date=16 April 2022 |title=｢ロマンスカーVSE｣デザイナーが明かす誕生秘話 {{!}} 特急･観光列車 |trans-title="Romancecar VSE" designer reveals the story behind its design |url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/582266 |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=Toyo Keizai Online |language=ja |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418085820/https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/582266 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Haraguchi |first = Takayuki |title = Encyclopedia of JR's Railway Cars: JR全車輌 |publisher = Sekai Bunka |year = 2009 |location = Japan |page = 139 |isbn = 978-4-418-09905-4}}</ref> This is also one of the only applications of tilting technology on 'metro-style' commuter trains to date.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}.  More modern and more numerous examples of active suspension and pneumatic tilting trains, include the 'limited express' EMUs [[E353 series]] for JR East.