Editing Tiberius (section)

=== Heir to Augustus ===

[[File:RomeElberiver.png|thumb|left|340px|In AD 1 Augustus sent his stepson Tiberius to subdue the Germanic tribes on the Rhine frontier. In his campaigns, Tiberius eventually extended the Roman border as far as the [[Elbe]] but was forced to cancel plans to conquer the Suevic [[Marcomanni]] when [[Bellum Batonianum|revolt]] broke out in Illyria in AD 6.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html | date = September 2010 | title = Legio V Alaudae | publisher = livius.org | access-date = 2017-08-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426044251/https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html | archive-date = 2015-04-26 | url-status = live }}</ref>]]

With Tiberius's departure, succession rested solely on Augustus's two young grandsons, Lucius and Gaius Caesar. The situation became more precarious in AD&nbsp;2 with the death of Lucius. Augustus, with perhaps some pressure from Livia, allowed Tiberius to return to Rome as a private citizen and nothing more.{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Tiberius''|loc=13}} In AD&nbsp;4, Gaius was killed in Armenia, and Augustus had no other choice but to turn to Tiberius.{{sfn|Tacitus, ''Annales''|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#3|I.3]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Tiberius''|loc=15}} The death of Gaius initiated a flurry of activity in the household of Augustus. Tiberius was adopted in 26 June as full son and heir,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seager |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGzfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |title=Tiberius |date=2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-34730-4 |pages=37 |language=}}</ref> and in turn he was required to adopt his nephew [[Germanicus]], the son of his brother [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] and Augustus's niece [[Antonia Minor]].{{sfn|Tacitus, ''Annales''|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#3|I.3]]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#13 LV.13]}} Along with his adoption, Tiberius received [[tribunician power]] as well as a share of Augustus's ''maius imperium'', something that even Marcus Agrippa may never have had.{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Tiberius''|loc=21}}<ref>For the debate over whether Agrippa's ''imperium'' after 13&nbsp;BC was ''maius'' or ''aequum'', see, e.g., {{cite journal |author=E. Badian |date=1980|title=Notes on the ''Laudatio'' of Agrippa |journal=Classical Journal |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=97–109 [105–106]|jstor=3297371 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297371}}</ref> In AD&nbsp;7, [[Agrippa Postumus]], a younger brother of Gaius and Lucius, was disowned by Augustus and banished to the island of [[Pianosa]], to live in solitary confinement.{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Tiberius''|loc=15}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#32 LV.32]}}

Thus, when in AD&nbsp;13, the powers held by Tiberius were made equal, rather than second, to Augustus's own powers, he was for all intents and purposes a "co-Princeps" with Augustus, and, in the event of the latter's passing, would simply continue to rule without an [[interregnum]] or possible upheaval.{{sfn|Seager|2005|p=xv}}

However, according to [[Suetonius]], after a two-year stint in Germania, which lasted from AD 10–12,<ref name=Speidel>{{Cite book |last=Speidel |first=Micheal P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xc2PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperor's Horseguard |date=2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-78255-9 |page=8}}</ref><blockquote>"Tiberius returned and celebrated the triumph which he had postponed, accompanied also by his generals, for whom he had obtained the triumphal regalia. And before turning to enter the Capitol, he dismounted from his chariot and fell at the knees of his father, who was presiding over the ceremonies."{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Tiberius''|loc=20}} "Since the consuls caused a law to be passed soon after this that he should govern the provinces jointly with Augustus and hold the census with him, he set out for [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] on the conclusion of the [[lustrum|lustral]] ceremonies."{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Tiberius''|loc=21}}</blockquote>Thus, according to Suetonius, these ceremonies and the declaration of his "co-Princeps" took place in the year AD 12, after Tiberius's return from Germania.<ref name="Speidel" /> "But he was at once recalled, and finding Augustus in his last illness but still alive, he spent an entire day with him in private."{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Tiberius''|loc=21}} Augustus died on 19 August AD&nbsp;14, a month before his 76th birthday and exactly 56 years after he first assumed the [[consulship]].{{sfn|Suetonius, ''Augustus''|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#100 100.1.]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/56*.html#30 56.30.]}}{{sfn|Velleius|loc=2.123}} He was cremated with all due ceremony and, as had been arranged beforehand, [[apotheosis|deified]], his will read, and Tiberius, now a middle-aged man at 55, was confirmed as his sole surviving heir.{{sfn|Tacitus, ''Annales''|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#8|I.8]]}} Tiberius peacefully took power, unchallenged by any rivals.{{sfn|Mattingly|1957|p=14}}