Editing Thomas Hardy (section)

==Religious beliefs==
[[File:Thomas Hardy aged 70, by William Strang.jpg|thumb|upright|Thomas Hardy aged 70, by [[William Strang]]]]<!-- the source given at the uploaded page by [[User:Stephencdickson]] is "own work", which is obviously not so. The image medium and the current collection would be useful to know. Looks like an etching. -->
Hardy's family was [[Anglican]], but not especially devout. He was baptised at the age of five weeks and attended church, where his father and uncle contributed to music. He did not attend the local [[Church of England]] school, instead being sent to Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young adult, he befriended [[Henry R. Bastow]] (a [[Plymouth Brethren]] man), who also worked as a pupil architect, and who was preparing for [[adult baptism]] in the [[Baptist Church]]. Hardy flirted with conversion, but decided against it.<ref>Claire Tomalin. ''Thomas Hardy, The Time Torn Man'' (Penguin, 2007), pp. 46–47.</ref> Bastow went to Australia and maintained a long correspondence with Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired of these exchanges and the correspondence ceased. This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists.

The irony and struggles of life, coupled with his naturally curious mind, led him to question the traditional Christian view of God: 
{{blockquote|The Christian God&nbsp;– the external personality&nbsp;– has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Cause...the replacement of the old concept of God as all-powerful by a new concept of universal consciousness. The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself and 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'.<ref>Wotton, G. (1985), ''Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism'', Lanham: [[Rowman & Littlefield]], p.36</ref>}}

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to reach a consensus. Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman, Dr. [[Alexander Balloch Grosart|A. B. Grosart]], about the question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal life with "the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God",<ref>Florence Emily Hardy, ''The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891'', p. 269</ref> Hardy replied,

{{blockquote|Mr. Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published ''Life of Darwin'' and the works of [[Herbert Spencer]] and other agnostics.<ref name=norton/>}}

Hardy frequently conceived of, and wrote about, supernatural forces, particularly those that control the universe through indifference or caprice, a force he called The Immanent Will. He also showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.<ref name="norton">Ellman, Richard, & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in ''The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry'', Norton, New York.</ref> Even so, he retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that had been such a formative influence in his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.
Hardy's friends during his apprenticeship to John Hicks included [[Horatio Mosley Moule|Horace Moule]] (one of the eight sons of [[Henry Moule]]) and the poet [[William Barnes]], both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend of Hardy's for the rest of his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pearson Literature: Biography: Thomas Hardy|url=http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kennedy_lfpd_9/0,9130,1489987-,00.html|access-date=15 April 2008|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622162641/http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kennedy_lfpd_9/0,9130,1489987-,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> such as those of [[Gideon Mantell]]. Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's book ''The Wonders of Geology'' (1848) in 1858, and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section from ''A Pair of Blue Eyes'' and Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that the character of Henry Knight in ''A Pair of Blue Eyes'' was based on Horace Moule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/index.php/19/article/viewFile/469/329 |title=Adelene Buckland: ''Thomas Hardy, Provincial Geology and the Material Imagination'' |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-date=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401090850/http://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/index.php/19/article/viewFile/469/329 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = right
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| width             = 200
| image1            = Kipling's grave in Poets Corner.png
| caption1          = Grave of Thomas Hardy's ashes in [[Westminster Abbey]] (foreground, next to that of [[Rudyard Kipling]])
| image2            = Thomas Hardy's heart.JPG
| caption2          = Grave of Thomas Hardy's heart at [[Stinsford]] parish church
}}

Throughout his life, Hardy sought a rationale for believing in an afterlife or a timeless existence, turning first to spiritualists, such as [[Henri Bergson]], and then to [[Albert Einstein]] and [[J. M. E. McTaggart]], considering their philosophy on time and space in relation to immortality.<ref>Trish Ferguson. "Time's Renewal": Death and Immortality in Thomas Hardy's ''Emma poems'', ''Literature and Modern Time: Technological Modernity, Glimpses of Eternity, Experiments with Time'', Palgrave, 2020.</ref>