Editing Third Punic War (section)

==Aftermath==
[[File:The Punic Quarter, Carthage.jpg|thumb|left|alt= a colour photograph of the remains today of part of ancient Carthage |{{center|Ruins of the Punic Quarter, Carthage, in 2005}}]]

Rome was determined that the city of Carthage remain in ruins. The Senate despatched a ten-man commission and Scipio was ordered to carry out further demolitions. A curse was placed on anyone who might attempt to resettle the site in the future.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=353}} The former site of the city was confiscated as {{lang|la|[[ager publicus]]}}, public land.{{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|p=443}} Scipio celebrated a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] and took the ''[[agnomen]]'' "Africanus", as had his adoptive grandfather.{{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|p=442}}{{sfn|Scullard|2002|p=316}} Hasdrubal's fate is not known, although he had surrendered on the promise of a retirement to an Italian estate.{{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|p=442}} The formerly Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the [[Africa Province|Roman province of Africa]], with Utica as its capital.{{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|p=443}}{{sfn|Scullard|2002|pp=310, 316}} The province became a major source of grain and other food.{{sfn|Mitchell|2007|p=345}}

The Punic cities which had stood by Carthage to the end were forfeit to Rome as {{lang|la|ager publicus}}, or, as in the case of [[Bizerte]], were destroyed.{{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|p=443}}{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=353}} Surviving cities were permitted to retain at least elements of their traditional system of government and culture.{{sfn|Fantar|2015|pp=455–456}}{{sfn|Pollard|2015|p=249}} The Romans did not interfere in the locals' private lives and Punic culture, language and religion survived, and is known to modern scholars as "Neo-Punic civilization".{{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|pp=443–445}}{{sfn|Fantar|2015|p=454}} The [[Punic language]] continued to be spoken in north Africa until the 7th century AD.{{sfn|Jouhaud|1968|p= 22}}{{sfn|Scullard|1955|p=105}}

In 123&nbsp;BC a [[Populares|reformist faction]] in Rome led by [[Gaius Gracchus]] was eager to [[Agrarian law|redistribute land]], including publicly held land. This included the site of Carthage and a controversial law was passed ordering the establishment of a new settlement there, called [[Colonia Junonia|Junonia]]. [[Optimates|Conservatives]] argued against the law and after its passage spread rumours that markers delimitating the new settlement had been dug up by wolves{{snd}}a very poor omen. These rumours, and other political machinations, caused the plan to be scrapped.{{refn|Gracchus, who had fought under Scipio during the war in Africa,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=361|}} continued to push his land reform agenda and in 121&nbsp;BC was murdered, along with 3,000 of his partisans.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=355}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=354–355}} In 111&nbsp;BC legislation repeated the injunction against any resettlement.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=448}} A century after the war, [[Julius Caesar]] planned to rebuild Carthage as a Roman city, but little work was done. [[Augustus]] revived the concept in 29&nbsp;BC and brought the plan to completion. [[Roman Carthage]] had become one of the main cities of Roman Africa by the time of the [[Roman Empire|Empire]].{{sfn|Richardson|2015|pp=480–481}}{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=363–364}}

Rome still exists as the capital of Italy; the ruins of Carthage lie {{convert|16|km|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} east of modern [[Tunis]] on the North African coast.{{sfn|UNESCO|2020}} A symbolic peace treaty was signed by [[Ugo Vetere]] and [[Chedli Klibi]], the mayors of Rome and modern Carthage, respectively, on 5 February 1985; 2,131 years after the war ended.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1985-02-10 |title=A PUNIC PEACE TREATY |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-02-10-8501080720-story.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630134002/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-02-10-8501080720-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Fakhri|1985}} As of 2020 the modern settlement of Carthage was a district of the city of Tunis.{{sfn|UNESCO|2020}}