Editing Thiomargarita namibiensis (section)

== Genome ==
''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' has a distinct genetic architecture because of its remarkable cell size and [[environmental niche]]. The DNA of ''T. namibiensis'' is dispersed over nucleoid areas situated under the cell membrane, in contrast to normal bacteria, which have a concentrated nucleoid. This peripheral design provides efficient cellular activities by lowering the distance over which chemical signals and metabolites must travel despite the huge cell volume.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Schulz |first1=Heide N. |last2=Jørgensen |first2=Bo Barker |date=October 2001 |title=Big Bacteria |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105 |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=105–137 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105 |pmid=11544351 |issn=0066-4227}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Angert |first=Esther R. |date=March 2005 |title=Alternatives to binary fission in bacteria |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1096 |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=214–224 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1096 |pmid=15738949 |issn=1740-1534}}</ref> A whole genome sequence of ''T. namibiensis'' is unavailable because it is difficult to culture and extract sufficient DNA. However, ''T. namibiensis'' is [[Polyploidy|polyploid]], which means many copies of the genome are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mußmann |first1=Marc |last2=Hu |first2=Fen Z. |last3=Richter |first3=Michael |last4=Beer |first4=Dirk de |last5=Preisler |first5=André |last6=Jørgensen |first6=Bo B. |last7=Huntemann |first7=Marcel |last8=Glöckner |first8=Frank Oliver |last9=Amann |first9=Rudolf |last10=Koopman |first10=Werner J. H. |last11=Lasken |first11=Roger S. |last12=Janto |first12=Benjamin |last13=Hogg |first13=Justin |last14=Stoodley |first14=Paul |last15=Boissy |first15=Robert |date=2007-08-28 |title=Insights into the Genome of Large Sulfur Bacteria Revealed by Analysis of Single Filaments |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=e230 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050230 |doi-access=free |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=1951784 |pmid=17760503}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angert |first=Esther R. |date=2012-10-13 |title=DNA Replication and Genomic Architecture of Very Large Bacteria |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102827 |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=197–212 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102827 |pmid=22994492 |issn=0066-4227}}</ref> This genetic redundancy helped its metabolic requirements and improved its capacity to repair damaged DNA by environmental stresses. ''T. namibiensis's'' genomic architecture is like that of other big bacteria, such as [[Epulopiscium fishelsoni]]. Both species have DNA distributed around the cell periphery to promote localized gene expression and effective cellular responses in big cells. This structure helps to overcome the constraints based on their size, allowing them to adapt quickly to environmental changes. The ''T. namibiensis'' genome is important because it is involved in biogeochemical cycles including sulfur and nitrogen cycling. ''T. namibiensis'' is found in sulfide-rich, oxygen-poor [[Marine sediment|marine sediments]] because of its gene involved in sulfur [[Oxidation state|oxidation]] and nitrate reduction. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Winkel |first1=Matthias |last2=Salman-Carvalho |first2=Verena |last3=Woyke |first3=Tanja |last4=Richter |first4=Michael |last5=Schulz-Vogt |first5=Heide N. |last6=Flood |first6=Beverly E. |last7=Bailey |first7=Jake V. |last8=Mußmann |first8=Marc |date=2016-06-21 |title=Single-cell Sequencing of Thiomargarita Reveals Genomic Flexibility for Adaptation to Dynamic Redox Conditions |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |language=English |volume=7 |page=964 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00964 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-302X |pmc=4914600 |pmid=27446006}}</ref> Single-cell genomic investigations revealed that it has identified genes that might provide adaptability to dynamic [[redox]] circumstances. <ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schulz |first1=Heide N. |last2=Schulz |first2=Horst D. |date=2005-01-21 |title=Large Sulfur Bacteria and the Formation of Phosphorite |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1103096 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=307 |issue=5708 |pages=416–418 |doi=10.1126/science.1103096 |pmid=15662012 |bibcode=2005Sci...307..416S |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>