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===Non-equilibrium thermodynamics=== [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics]] is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in [[thermodynamic equilibrium]]. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are not in stationary states, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title= Thermodynamics of Complex Systems: Principles and applications. |last= Pokrovskii |first=Vladimir|language=English | publisher= IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK.|year=2020|isbn=|pages=|bibcode= 2020tcsp.book.....P }}</ref> Many natural systems still today remain beyond the scope of currently known macroscopic thermodynamic methods.
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