Editing The Faerie Queene (section)

==Composition==

===Spenser's intentions===
While writing his poem, Spenser strove to avoid "gealous opinions and misconstructions" because he thought it would place his story in a "better light" for his readers.{{sfn|Spenser|1984|p=15}} Spenser stated in his letter to Raleigh, published with the first three books,{{sfn|Heale|1999|p=11}} that "the general end of the book is to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline".{{sfn|Spenser|1984|p=15}} Spenser considered his work "a historical fiction" which men should read for "delight" rather than "the profit of the ensample".{{sfn|Spenser|1984|p=15}} ''The Faerie Queene'' was written for Elizabeth to read and was dedicated to her. However, there are dedicatory sonnets in the first edition to many powerful Elizabethan figures.{{sfn|McCabe|2010|p=50}}

Spenser addresses "Lodwick" in ''[[Amoretti]]'' 33, when talking about ''The Faerie Queene'' still being incomplete. This could be either his friend [[Lodowick Bryskett]] or his long-deceased Italian model Ludovico Ariosto, whom he praises in "Letter to Raleigh".{{sfn|McCabe|2010|p=273}}

=== Dedication ===

[[File:Faerie Queene Dedication Page.jpg|thumb|The dedicatory page of the 1590 edition of Spenser's ''Faerie Queene'', reading: "To the most mightie and magnificent Empresse Elizabeth, by the grace of god, Queene of England, France and Ireland Defender of the Faith &c."]]

The poem is dedicated to [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]], who is represented in the poem as the Faerie Queene Gloriana, as well as the character Belphoebe.{{sfn|Spenser|1984|p=16|ps=: "In that Faery Queene I meane glory in my generall person of our soueraine the Queene, and her kingdome in Faery land ... For considering she beareth two persons, the one of a most royall Queene or Empresse, the other of a most vertuous and beautifull Lady, this latter part in some places I doe expresse in Belphoebe"}} Spenser prefaces the poem with sonnets additionally dedicated to [[Christopher Hatton|Sir Christopher Hatton]], [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Lord Burleigh]], the [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford|Earl of Oxford]], the [[Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland|Earl of Northumberland]], the [[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland|Earl of Cumberland]], the [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]], the [[Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond|Earl of Ormond and Ossory]], [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|High Admiral Charles Howard]], [[Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon|Lord Hunsdon]], [[Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton|Lord Grey of Wilton]], [[Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset|Lord Buckhurst]], [[Francis Walsingham|Sir Francis Walsingham]], [[John Norris (soldier)|Sir John Norris]], [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]], the [[Mary Sidney|Countess of Pembroke]] (on the subject of her brother [[Philip Sidney|Sir Philip Sidney]]), and [[Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon|Lady Carew]].

===Social commentary===
In October 1589, after nine years in Ireland,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4174771|title = Spenser's Audiences, 1589–91|journal = Studies in Philology|volume = 100|issue = 4|pages = 514–533|last1 = Oram|first1 = William A.|year = 2003|doi = 10.1353/sip.2003.0019|s2cid = 163052682}}</ref> Spenser voyaged to England and saw the Queen. It is possible that he read to her from his manuscript at this time. On 25 February 1591, the Queen gave him a pension of fifty pounds per year.{{sfn|McCabe|2010|p=112}} He was paid in four instalments on 25 March, 24 June, 29 September, and 25 December.{{sfn|McCabe|2010|p=24}}
After the first three books of ''The Faerie Queene'' were published in 1590, Spenser found himself disappointed in the monarchy; among other things, "his annual pension from the Queen was smaller than he would have liked" and his humanist perception of Elizabeth's court "was shattered by what he saw there".{{sfn|Green|1974|p=389}}  Despite these frustrations, however, Spenser "kept his aristocratic prejudices and predispositions".{{sfn|Green|1974|p=389}} Book VI stresses that there is "almost no correlation between noble deeds and low birth" and reveals that to be a "noble person", one must be a "gentleman of choice stock".{{sfn|Green|1974|p=389}}

Throughout ''The Faerie Queene'', virtue is seen as "a feature for the nobly born" and within Book VI, readers encounter worthy deeds that indicate aristocratic lineage.{{sfn|Green|1974|p=389}} An example of this is the hermit to whom Arthur brings Timias and Serena. Initially, the man is considered a "goodly knight of a gentle race" who "withdrew from public service to religious life when he grew too old to fight".{{sfn|Green|1974|p=389}} Here, we note the hermit's noble blood seems to have influenced his gentle, selfless behaviour. Likewise, audiences acknowledge that young Tristram "speaks so well and acts so heroically" that Calidore "frequently contributes him with noble birth" even before learning his background; in fact, it is no surprise that Tristram turns out to be the son of a king, explaining his profound intellect.{{sfn|Green|1974|p=390}} However, Spenser's most peculiar example of noble birth is demonstrated through the characterization of the Salvage Man. Using the Salvage Man as an example, Spenser demonstrated that "ungainly appearances do not disqualify one from noble birth".{{sfn|Green|1974|p=390}} By giving the Salvage Man a "frightening exterior", Spenser stresses that "virtuous deeds are a more accurate indication of gentle blood than physical appearance.{{sfn|Green|1974|p=390}}

On the opposite side of the spectrum, ''The Faerie Queene'' indicates qualities such as cowardice and discourtesy that signify low birth. During his initial encounter with Arthur, Turpine "hides behind his retainers, chooses ambush from behind instead of direct combat, and cowers to his wife, who covers him with her voluminous skirt".{{sfn|Green|1974|p=392}} These actions demonstrate that Turpine is "morally emasculated by fear" and furthermore, "the usual social roles are reversed as the lady protects the knight from danger.{{sfn|Green|1974|p=392}} Scholars believe that this characterization serves as "a negative example of knighthood" and strives to teach Elizabethan aristocrats how to "identify a commoner with political ambitions inappropriate to his rank".{{sfn|Green|1974|p=392}}

===Poetic structure===
''The Faerie Queene'' was written in [[Spenserian stanza]], which Spenser created specifically for ''The Faerie Queene''. Spenser varied existing epic stanza forms, the [[rhyme royal]] used by Chaucer with the rhyme pattern ABABBCC, and the ''[[ottava rima]]'' with the rhyme pattern ABABABCC. Spenser's stanza is the longest of the three, with nine iambic lines. The first eight lines are five-footed, that is, pentameters. The ninth line is six-footed, that is, a hexameter, or Alexandrine. Altogether these form two "interlocking quatrains and a final couplet".{{sfn|McCabe|2010|p=213}} The rhyme pattern is ABABBCBCC. Over two thousand stanzas were written for the 1590 ''Faerie Queene''.{{sfn|McCabe|2010|p=213}}

===Theological structure===
[[File:Florimell saved by Proteus (Crane, 1895-1897).jpg|thumb|''Florimell saved by Proteus'' by [[Walter Crane]], from book III, Part VII of an 1895–1897 edition]]

In Elizabethan England, no subject was more familiar to writers than theology. Elizabethans learned to embrace religious studies in petty school, where they "read from selections from the Book of Common Prayer and memorized Catechisms from the Scriptures".{{sfn|Whitaker|1952|p=151}} This influence is evident in Spenser's text, as demonstrated in the moral allegory of Book I. Here, allegory is organized in the traditional arrangement of Renaissance theological treatises and confessionals. While reading Book I, audiences first encounter original sin, justification and the nature of sin before analysing the church and the sacraments.{{sfn|Whitaker|1952|p=153}} Despite this pattern, Book I is not a theological treatise; within the text, "moral and historical allegories intermingle" and the reader encounters elements of romance.{{sfn|Whitaker|1952|p=154}} However, Spenser's method is not "a rigorous and unyielding allegory", but "a compromise among conflicting elements".{{sfn|Whitaker|1952|p=154}} In Book I of ''The Faerie Queene'' the discussion of the path to salvation begins with original sin and justification, skipping past initial matters of God, the Creeds, and Adam's fall from grace.{{sfn|Whitaker|1952|p=154}} This literary decision is pivotal because these doctrines "center the fundamental theological controversies of the Reformation".{{sfn|Whitaker|1952|p=154}}