Editing Television (section)

==Broadcast systems==
===Terrestrial television===
{{main|Terrestrial television}}
{{see also|Timeline of the introduction of television in countries}}

[[File:UHF TV Antenna 001.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|A modern high gain UHF Yagi [[television antenna]]. It has 17 directors and one reflector (made of 4 rods) shaped as a [[corner reflector antenna|corner reflector]].]]
Programming is [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] by television stations, sometimes called "channels," as stations are [[Frequency allocation|licensed]] by their governments to broadcast only over assigned [[Channel (broadcasting)|channels]] in the television [[band (radio)|band]]. At first, [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial broadcasting]] was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] was limited, i.e., there were only a small number of [[Television channel|channels]] available, government regulation was the norm. In the U.S., the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941 but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a [[television license]] fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC), which had public service as part of its [[Royal Charter]].

[[WRGB]] claims to be the world's oldest television station, tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on 13 January 1928, broadcasting from the [[General Electric]] factory in [[Schenectady, NY]], under the call letters '''W2XB'''.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iuIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA177| title = "The First Television Show" ''Popular Mechanics'', August 1930, pp. 177–79| date = August 1930| publisher = Hearst Magazines}}</ref> It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later, in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters [[W2XBS]] and which today is known as [[WNBC]]. The two stations were experimental and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a [[Felix the Cat]] doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as engineers tested new technology. On 2 November 1936, the [[BBC]] began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian [[Alexandra Palace]] in north London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm|title=The History of the BBC: The First TV Era|author=Laurence Marcus|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=13 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813233820/http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we now know it.

With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7% of US households used an antenna.<ref>[http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/cea-study-says-seven-percent-of-tv-households-use-antennas-/220585 "CEA Study Says Seven Percent of TV Households Use Antennas"], ''TVTechnology'', 30 July 2013 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217104116/http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/cea-study-says-seven-percent-of-tv-households-use-antennas-/220585 |date=17 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/nielsen-broadcast-reliance-grew-in--/217217 "Nielsen: Broadcast Reliance Grew in 2012"], ''TVTechnology'', 14 January 2013 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160139/http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/nielsen-broadcast-reliance-grew-in--/217217 |date=18 December 2014 }}</ref> A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to switchover to [[digital terrestrial television]] broadcasts, which offered pristine image quality over very large areas, and offered an alternative to cable television (CATV) for [[cord cutters]]. All other countries around the world are also in the process of either shutting down analog terrestrial television or switching over to digital terrestrial television.

===Cable television===
{{main|Cable television}} {{see also|Cable television by region}}
[[File:F-Stecker und Kabel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Coaxial cable]] is used to carry cable television signals into cathode-ray tube and flat-panel television sets.]]
Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through [[fiber-optic]] cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. In the 2000s, FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. The abbreviation CATV is sometimes used for cable television in the United States. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large "community antennas" were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ | title=History of Cable | publisher=California Cable and Telecommunications Association | access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

===Satellite television===
{{main|Satellite television}}

[[File:Dishing out the truth.JPG|upright=1.15|thumb|right|DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex]]
Satellite television is a system of supplying [[television programming]] using broadcast signals relayed from [[communication satellite]]s. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna, usually referred to as a [[satellite dish]] and a [[low-noise block downconverter]] (LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a [[television set]]. Receivers can be external [[set-top box]]es, or a built-in [[television tuner]]. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television.

The most common method of reception is [[direct-broadcast satellite television]] (DBSTV), also known as "direct to home" (DTH).<ref name="tr101198">{{Cite report|author=Antipolis, Sophia|date=September 1997|title=Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems|url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101198/01.01.01_60/tr_101198v010101p.pdf|publisher=[[European Telecommunications Standards Institute]]|pages=1–7|docket=TR 101 198|access-date=20 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190812/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101198/01.01.01_60/tr_101198v010101p.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a [[direct broadcast satellite]] on the [[Ku band|K<sub>u</sub>]] wavelength and are completely digital.<ref name=m101>{{cite journal|title=Frequency letter bands|url=http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/letterbands.cfm|website=Microwaves101.com|date=25 April 2008|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171156/http://www.microwaves101.com/ENCYCLOPEDIA/letterbands.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as [[television receive-only]]. These systems received analog signals transmitted in the [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] spectrum from [[Fixed Service Satellite|FSS]] type satellites and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems and were more expensive and less popular.<ref name=fcc>{{cite web|title=Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes|url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/consumerdish.html|publisher=FCC|access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

The direct-broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver. [[Digital signal (broadcasting)|Digital signals]] may include [[high-definition television]] (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are [[free-to-air]] or [[free-to-view]], while many other channels are [[pay television]] requiring a subscription.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell|first1=Dennis|last2=Cotter|first2=Susan|year=1998|title=Copyright Infringement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRJCwqzE3iwC&pg=PA161|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-90-247-3002-5|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>
In 1945, British science fiction writer [[Arthur C. Clarke]] proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in Earth orbit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135721/http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php |archive-date=16 July 2011 |title=The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Richard|last2=Martin|first2=Christopher R.|last3=Fabos|first3=Bettina|date=23 February 2011|title=Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuqjReIZ4TcC&pg=PA152|location=London, UK|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|page=152|isbn=978-1-4576-2831-3|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> This was published in the October 1945 issue of the ''[[Wireless World]]'' magazine and won him the [[Franklin Institute]]'s [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww|title=The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|date=September 1995|title=Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2f8q2c0R5cC&pg=PA138|publisher=DIANE Publishing|page=138|isbn=978-0-16-048180-2|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the [[Telstar]] satellite over the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on 23 July 1962.<ref name="histchannel">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/news/the-birth-of-satellite-tv-50-years-ago|title=The Birth of Satellite TV, 50 Years Ago|last1=Klein|first1=Christopher|date=23 July 2012|website=History.com|publisher=History Channel|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million.<ref name="histchannel"/> Launched in 1962, the ''[[Relay program|Relay 1]]'' satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan.<ref name="relay1">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-068A|title=Relay 1|website=NASA.gov|publisher=NASA}}</ref> The first [[geosynchronous]] [[communication satellite]], [[Syncom 2]], was launched on 26 July 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-031A|title=Syncom 2|last1=Darcey|first1=RJ|date=16 August 2013|website=NASA.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref>

The world's first commercial communications satellite, called [[Intelsat I]] and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/intlsat1.htm|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica – Intelsat I|access-date=5 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116224556/http://astronautix.com/craft/intlsat1.htm|archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> The first national network of television satellites, called [[Orbita (TV system)|Orbita]], was created by the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical [[Molniya (satellite)|Molniya]] satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground [[downlink]] stations.<ref>{{cite press release|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Soviet-bloc Research in Geophysics, Astronomy, and Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRx2ssMQ6MC|location=Springfield Virginia|publisher=U.S. Joint Publications Research Service|page=60|year=1970|issue=221–230|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada's geostationary [[Anik 1]], which was launched on 9 November 1972.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robertson|first=Lloyd|title=Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap | publisher = CBC English TV | date = 9 November 1972 | url = http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594 | access-date = 25 January 2007 }}</ref> [[ATS-6]], the world's first experimental educational and [[Direct Broadcast Satellite]] (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974.<ref name="ats">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/missions/ats_prt.htm|title=NASA – ATS|last1=Ezell|first1=Linda N.|date=22 January 2010|website=Nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406164505/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/missions/ats_prt.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It transmitted at 860&nbsp;MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent, but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home-constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use.<ref name="tvdx">Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) For the Enthusiast, Roger W. Bunney, {{ISBN|0-900162-71-6}}</ref>

The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry [[Direct-To-Home]] television, [[Ekran]] 1, was launched on 26 October 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm|title=Ekran|year=2007|website=Astronautix.com|publisher=Astronautix|access-date=1 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112153322/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ekran.htm|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> It used a 714&nbsp;MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing [[UHF television broadcasting|UHF television technology]] rather than microwave technology.<ref name="Ekran">{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/ekran.htm|title=Ekran (11F647)|website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref>

===Internet television===
{{main|Streaming television}}
{{Distinguish|Smart television|Internet Protocol television|Web television}}

Internet television (Internet TV) (or online television) is the [[digital distribution]] of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable, and satellite, although the Internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable, or satellite methods. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television series and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. Internet television should not be confused with [[Smart TV]], [[IPTV]], or with [[Web TV]]. [[Smart television]] refers to the television set which has a built-in operating system. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television networks. [[Web television]] is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet television.

Traditional cable and satellite television providers began to offer services such as [[Sling TV]], owned by Dish Network, which was unveiled in January 2015.<ref>Joshua Brustein (January 5, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150106181233/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2015-01-05/dish-sling-tv-service-takes-on-cable-television "Dish's New Sling TV Service Could Free You From Cable"]. ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. [[Bloomberg LP]]. Retrieved January 12, 2015.</ref> [[DirecTV]], another satellite television provider, launched their own streaming service, [[DirecTV Stream]], in 2016.<ref>Spangler, Todd (2016-11-18). [https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/att-directv-now-launch-nov-28-1201921813/ "AT&T Sets DirecTV Now Launch Event for Nov. 28"]. ''Variety''. Retrieved 2017-12-05.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=LG to show off webOS 2.0 smart TV at CES 2015 |language=en |work=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/lg-to-show-off-webos-2-0-smart-tv-at-ces-2015/ |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> [[Sky UK|Sky]] launched a similar streaming service in the UK called [[Now (Sky)|Now]]. In 2013, [[Video on demand]] website [[Netflix]] earned the first [[Primetime Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations for original streaming television at the [[65th Primetime Emmy Awards]]. Three of its series, ''[[House of Cards (American TV series)|House of Cards]]'', ''[[Arrested Development]]'', and ''[[Hemlock Grove (TV series)|Hemlock Grove]]'', earned nominations that year.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stelter, Brian |date=2013-07-18 |title=Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/watching-for-the-2013-primetime-emmy-nominations/ |access-date=2013-07-18 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On July 13, 2015, cable company [[Comcast]] announced an [[HBO]] plus [[Broadcast television systems|broadcast TV]] package at a price discounted from basic [[broadband]] plus [[Cable television in the United States|basic cable]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=13 July 2015 |title=Comcast Aims at 'Cord-Nevers' with $15 HBO, Basic TV Internet-Streaming Bundle |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/comcast-hbo-basic-tv-internet-bundle-1201538854/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001082945/http://variety.com/2015/digital/news/comcast-hbo-basic-tv-internet-bundle-1201538854/ |archive-date=1 October 2017 |website=Variety }}</ref>

In 2017, YouTube launched [[YouTube TV]], a streaming service that allows users to watch live television programs from popular cable or network channels and record shows to stream anywhere, anytime.<ref>[https://tv.youtube.com/ "YouTube TV – Watch & DVR Live Sports, Shows & News"]. ''YouTube TV – Watch & DVR Live Sports, Shows & News''. Retrieved 2017-12-05.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajan |first=Amol |author-link=Amol Rajan |date=August 5, 2020 |title=TV watching and online streaming surge during lockdown |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53637305}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Gary |last2=Lawler |first2=Kelly |last3=Keveney |first3=Bill |last4=Jensen |first4=Erin |date=March 11, 2021 |title=How pandemic changed TV, and how much of it will last |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2021/03/10/how-pandemic-changed-tv-and-how-much-last/6826073002/}}</ref> As of 2017, 28% of US adults cite streaming services as their main means for watching television, and 61% of those ages 18 to 29 cite it as their main method.<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/13/about-6-in-10-young-adults-in-u-s-primarily-use-online-streaming-to-watch-tv/ "About 6 in 10 young adults in U.S. primarily use online streaming to watch TV"]. ''Pew Research Center''. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-12-05.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lovejoy |first=Ben |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Video streaming services see end of pandemic boom |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/06/21/video-streaming-services-2/ |website=[[9to5Mac]]}}</ref> As of 2018, Netflix is the world's largest streaming TV network and also the world's largest Internet media and entertainment company with 117 million paid subscribers, and by revenue and market cap.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-22 |title=Netflix's Growth Is in the Eye of the Beholder |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-01-22/netflix-earnings-growth-is-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder |access-date=2020-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=Anita |date=22 January 2018 |title=Netflix jumps more than 8% after adding more subscribers than expected |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/22/netflix-earnings-q4-2017.html |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> In 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had a strong impact in the television streaming business with the lifestyle changes such as staying at home and lockdowns.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fosty |first1=Vincent |last2=Houben |first2=Tim |date=March 2020 |title=Online media streaming will benefit from the coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/be/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/online-media-streaming.html |website=[[Deloitte]] Belgium |quote=... if it does not last too long! |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812100556/https://www2.deloitte.com/be/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/online-media-streaming.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dayal |first=Tanvi |date=July 23, 2022 |title=How The Pandemic Boosted Business For Streaming Services |url=https://www.jumpstartmag.com/how-the-pandemic-boosted-business-for-streaming-services/ |magazine=Jumpstart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AUBTU.BIZ |url=https://aubtu.biz/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Streaming Consumption Rises In U.S. Markets with Early Stay-at-Home Orders During COVID-19 |url=https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2020/streaming-consumption-rises-in-u-s-markets-with-early-stay-at-home-orders-during-covid-19/ |website=[[Nielsen Media Research]]}}</ref>