Editing Tadeusz Kościuszko (section)

==Émigré==
[[File:Kosciuszko (5871133) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Kościuszko wearing the [[Virtuti Militari]] and, below it, the Eagle of [[Society of the Cincinnati|the Cincinnati]]]]

The King's capitulation was a hard blow for Kościuszko, who had not lost a single battle in the campaign. By mid-September 1792, he was resigned to leaving the country, and in early October, he departed from Warsaw. First, he went east, to the Czartoryski family manor at [[Sieniawa]], which gathered various malcontents. In mid-November, he spent two weeks in [[Lwów]], where he was welcomed by the populace. Since the war's end, his presence had drawn crowds eager to see the famed commander. [[Izabela Czartoryska]] discussed having him marry her daughter [[Zofia Czartoryska|Zofia]].<ref name="Herbst433"/><ref>[[#Storozynski2011|Storozynski, 2011]], p. 237.</ref> The Russians planned to arrest him if he returned to territory under their control; the Austrians, who [[Austrian Partition|held Lwów]], offered him a commission in the Austrian Army, which he turned down.<ref name="Storozynski pp. 239–40.">[[#Storozynski2011|Storozynski, 2011]], pp. 239–40.</ref> Subsequently, they planned to deport him, but he left Lwów before they could do so. At the turn of the month, he stopped in [[Zamość]] at the [[Zamoyski family|Zamoyskis']] estate, met [[Stanisław Staszic]], then went on to [[Puławy]].<ref name="Herbst433"/><ref name="Storozynski pp. 239–40."/>

He did not tarry there for long: on 12–13 December, he was in Kraków; on 17 December, in [[Wrocław]]; and shortly after, he settled in [[Leipzig]], where many notable Polish soldiers and politicians formed an émigré community.<ref name="Herbst433"/> Soon he and some others began plotting an uprising against Russian rule in Poland.<ref name="Herbst434">[[#Herbst|Herbst, 1969]], p. 434.</ref> The politicians, grouped around [[Ignacy Potocki]] and Hugo Kołłątaj, sought contacts with similar opposition groups in Poland and by spring 1793 had been joined by other politicians and revolutionaries, including [[Ignacy Działyński]]. While Kołłątaj and others had begun planning an uprising before Kościuszko joined them, his support was a significant boon to them, as he was among the most famous individuals in Poland.<ref>[[#Storozynski2011|Storozynski, 2011]], p. 238.</ref> 

After two weeks in Leipzig, before the second week of January 1793, Kościuszko set off for Paris, where he tried to gain French support for Poland's planned uprising. He stayed there until summer, but despite the growing revolutionary influence, the French paid only lip service to the Polish cause and refused to commit themselves to anything concrete.<ref name="Herbst434" /> Kościuszko concluded that the French authorities were not interested in Poland beyond what use it could have for their cause, and he was increasingly disappointed in the pettiness of the [[French Revolution]]—the infighting among different factions, and the growing [[Reign of Terror|reign of terror]].<ref>[[#Storozynski2011|Storozynski, 2011]] pp. 244–45.</ref>

On 23 January 1793, Prussia and Russia signed the [[Partitions of Poland|Second Partition of Poland]]. The [[Grodno Sejm]], convened under duress in June, ratified the partition and was also forced to rescind the Constitution of 3 May 1791.<ref name="Lukowski101–103">[[#Lukowski2001|Lukowski, 2001]], pp. 101–3.</ref><ref name="Sužiedėlis2011">[[#Sužiedėlis|Sužiedėlis, 1944]], pp. 292–93.</ref> With the second partition, Poland became a small country of roughly {{convert|200000|sqkm|sp=us}}<ref name="God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795">[[#Davies|Davies, 2005]], p. 394.</ref> and a population of some 4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Lukowski101–103"/> This came as a shock to the Targowica Confederates, who had seen themselves as defenders of centuries-old privileges of the magnates but had hardly expected that their appeal for help to the Tsarina of Russia would further reduce and weaken their country.<ref name="Sužiedėlis2011"/><ref>[[#Stone|Stone, 2001]], pp. 282–85.</ref>

In August 1793, Kościuszko, though worried that an uprising would have little chance against the three partitioning powers, returned to Leipzig, where he was met with demands to start planning one as soon as possible.<ref>[[#Storozynski2011|Storozynski, 2011]], p. 245.</ref> In September he clandestinely crossed the Polish border to conduct personal observations and meet with sympathetic high-ranking officers in the residual Polish Army, including General Józef Wodzicki. The preparations went slowly, and he left for Italy,{{why|date=April 2023}} planning to return in February 1794. However, the situation in Poland was changing rapidly. The Russian and Prussian governments forced Poland to again disband most of her army, and the reduced units were to be incorporated into the Russian Army. In March, Tsarist agents discovered the revolutionaries in Warsaw and began arresting notable Polish politicians and military commanders. Kościuszko was forced to execute his plan earlier than he had intended and, on 15 March 1794, set off for Kraków.<ref name="Herbst434"/>