Editing Subject and object (philosophy) (section)

==== Continental philosophy<!--'Assujettissement', 'Ethopoiein', 'Split subject', 'Subjectivation', 'Subjectification', 'Post-structuralist subject' and 'Poststructuralist subject' redirect here; linked from 'Template:Deleuze-Guattari'--> ====
{{see also-text|[[Ethopoeia]]}}
The thinking of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Sigmund Freud]] provided a point of departure for questioning the notion of a unitary, autonomous Subject, which for many thinkers in the [[Continental tradition]] is seen as the foundation of the [[liberal theory]] of the [[social contract]]. These thinkers opened up the way for the [[deconstruction]] of the subject as a core-concept of [[metaphysics]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Freud's explorations of the [[unconscious mind]] added up to a wholesale indictment of [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] notions of subjectivity.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Among the most radical re-thinkers of human self-consciousness was [[Martin Heidegger]], whose concept of ''[[Dasein]]'' or "Being-there" displaces traditional notions of the personal subject altogether. With Heidegger, phenomenology tries to go beyond the classical dichotomy between subject and object, because they are linked by an inseparable and original relationship, in the sense that there can be no world without a subject, nor the subject without world.<ref>Farina, Gabriella (2014). [http://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-A14-07.pdf Some reflections on the phenomenological method]". ''Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences'', '''7'''(2):506–2.</ref>

[[Jacques Lacan]], inspired by Heidegger and [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], built on Freud's [[psychoanalytic]] model of the subject, in which the split subject is constituted by a [[double bind]]: alienated from [[jouissance]] when they leave [[the Real]], enters into [[the Imaginary (psychoanalysis)|the Imaginary]] (during the [[mirror stage]]), and separates from the [[Other (philosophy)|Other]] when they come into the realm of language, difference, and [[Demand (psychoanalysis)|demand]] in [[the Symbolic]] or the [[Name of the Father]].<ref>Elizabeth Stewart, Maire Jaanus, Richard Feldstein (eds.), ''Lacan in the German-Speaking World'', SUNY Press, 2004, p. 16.</ref>

Thinkers such as [[structural Marxist]] [[Louis Althusser]] and [[poststructuralist]] [[Michel Foucault]]<ref name=:0>{{cite web |url = http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/en/heartfield-james.htm |title = Postmodernism and the 'Death of the Subject' |last = Heartfield |first = James |year = 2002 |work = The Death of the Subject |access-date= 28 March 2013 }}</ref> theorize the subject as a [[social construction]], the so-called "poststructuralist subject"<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->.<ref>Edel Heuven, "The Poststructuralist Subject and the Paradox of Internal Coherence", M.Sc. thesis, Wageningen University and Research, 2017, p. 2.</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=January 2023}} According to Althusser, the "subject" is an [[Ideology|ideological]] construction (more exactly, constructed by the "[[Louis Althusser#Ideological state apparatuses|Ideological State Apparatuses]]"). One's subjectivity exists, "[[always-already]]" and is constituted through the process of [[Interpellation (philosophy)|interpellation]]. Ideology inaugurates one into being a subject, and every ideology is intended to maintain and glorify its idealized subject, as well as the metaphysical category of the subject itself (see [[antihumanism]]).

According to Foucault, it is the "effect" of [[power (sociology)#Foucault|power]] and "[[disciplinary institutions|disciplines]]" (see ''[[Discipline and Punish]]'': construction of the subject ('''subjectivation'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> or '''subjectification''', {{langx|fr|assujettissement}}) as student, soldier, "criminal", etc.)). Foucault believed it was possible to transform oneself; he used the word '''''ethopoiein'''''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> from the word ''[[ethos]]'' to describe the process.<ref>{{cite book | last = Foucault | first = Michel | title = The hermeneutics of the subject : lectures at the Collège de France, 1981-1982 | publisher = Picador | location = New York | year = 2006 | pages= 237 | isbn = 9780312425708 }}</ref> Subjectification was a central concept in [[Gilles Deleuze]] and [[Félix Guattari]]'s work as well.<ref>Gary Genosko (ed.), ''Deleuze and Guattari: Deleuze and Guattari'', Routledge, 2001, p. 1315.</ref>