Editing Striatum (section)

==Function==

The ventral striatum, and the [[nucleus accumbens]] in particular, primarily mediates [[reward system|reward]], cognition, [[reinforcement]], and [[motivational salience]]. By contrast, the dorsal striatum primarily mediates cognition involving [[motor function]], certain [[executive functions]] (e.g., [[inhibitory control]] and [[impulsivity]]), and [[classical conditioning|stimulus-response learning]].<ref name=YAGER2015 /><ref name=TAYLOR2013 /><ref name=FERRE2010 /><ref name=MALENKA2009 /><ref name="Kim">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/nyas.13961 |title=The role of the dorsal striatum in choice impulsivity |year=2019 |last1=Kim |first1=BaekSun |last2=Im |first2=Heh-In |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1451 |issue=1 |pages=92–111 |pmid=30277562|bibcode=2019NYASA1451...92K |s2cid=52897511 }}</ref> There is a small degree of overlap, as the dorsal striatum is also a component of the [[reward system]] that, along with the [[nucleus accumbens core]], mediates the encoding of new motor programs associated with future reward acquisition (e.g., the [[conditioned response|conditioned motor response]] to a reward cue).<ref name=TAYLOR2013 /><ref name=MALENKA2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-148127-4 | pages = 147–148, 321, 367, 376 | edition = 2nd | quote= VTA DA neurons play a critical role in motivation, reward-related behavior (Chapter 15), attention, and multiple forms of memory. This organization of the DA system, wide projection from a limited number of cell bodies, permits coordinated responses to potent new rewards. Thus, acting in diverse terminal fields, dopamine confers motivational salience ("wanting") on the reward itself or associated cues (nucleus accumbens shell region), updates the value placed on different goals in light of this new experience (orbital prefrontal cortex), helps consolidate multiple forms of memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and encodes new motor programs that will facilitate obtaining this reward in the future (nucleus accumbens core region and dorsal striatum). In this example, dopamine modulates the processing of sensorimotor information in diverse neural circuits to maximize the ability of the organism to obtain future rewards.&nbsp;...<br />Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior.&nbsp;...<br />The brain reward circuitry that is targeted by addictive drugs normally mediates the pleasure and strengthening of behaviors associated with natural reinforcers, such as food, water, and sexual contact. Dopamine neurons in the VTA are activated by food and water, and dopamine release in the NAc is stimulated by the presence of natural reinforcers, such as food, water, or a sexual partner.&nbsp;...<br />The NAc and VTA are central components of the circuitry underlying reward and memory of reward. As previously mentioned, the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA appears to be linked to reward prediction. The NAc is involved in learning associated with reinforcement and the modulation of motoric responses to stimuli that satisfy internal homeostatic needs. The shell of the NAc appears to be particularly important to initial drug actions within reward circuitry; addictive drugs appear to have a greater effect on dopamine release in the shell than in the core of the NAc.}}</ref>

The striatum is also thought to play a role in an at least partially dissociable executive control network for language, applied to both verbal working memory and verbal attention. These models take the form of a frontal-striatal network for language processing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacquemot |first1=Charlotte |last2=Bachoud-Lévi |first2=Anne-Catherine |title=Striatum and language processing: Where do we stand? |journal=Cognition |date=August 2021 |volume=213 |pages=104785 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104785 |pmid=34059317 }}</ref> While the striatum is often not included in models of [[Two-streams hypothesis|language processing]], as most models only include cortical regions, integrative models are becoming more popular in light of imaging studies, lesion studies on [[Aphasia|aphasic]] patients, and studies of language disorders concomitant with diseases known to affect the striatum like [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]] and [[Huntington's disease|Huntington's]] disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ullman |first1=Michael T. |last2=Corkin |first2=Suzanne |last3=Coppola |first3=Marie |last4=Hickok |first4=Gregory |last5=Growdon |first5=John H. |last6=Koroshetz |first6=Walter J. |last7=Pinker |first7=Steven |title=A Neural Dissociation within Language: Evidence that the Mental Dictionary Is Part of Declarative Memory, and that Grammatical Rules Are Processed by the Procedural System |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |date=March 1997 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=266–276 |doi=10.1162/jocn.1997.9.2.266 |pmid=23962016 }}</ref>

[[Metabotropic]] [[dopamine receptors]] are present both on spiny neurons and on cortical axon terminals. [[Second messenger]] cascades triggered by activation of these dopamine receptors can modulate pre- and postsynaptic function, both in the short term and in the long term.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 11691979| year = 2001| last1 = Greengard| first1 = P| author1-link = Paul Greengard| title = The neurobiology of slow synaptic transmission| journal = Science| volume = 294| issue = 5544| pages = 1024–30| doi = 10.1126/science.294.5544.1024| bibcode = 2001Sci...294.1024G}}</ref><ref name=DAreward>{{Cite journal | pmid = 24904339| pmc = 4033078| year = 2014| last1 = Cachope| first1 = R| title = Local control of striatal dopamine release| journal = Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience| volume = 8| pages = 188| last2 = Cheer| doi = 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00188| doi-access = free}}</ref> In humans, the striatum is activated by stimuli associated with reward, but also by [[Aversive agent|aversive]], [[Novelty|novel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2008/jun/adventure-its-all-mind-say-ucl-neuroscientists|title=Adventure - it's all in the mind, say UCL neuroscientists|last=UCL|date=25 June 2008|website=UCL News}}</ref> [[Unexpected hanging paradox|unexpected]], or intense [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]], and cues associated with such events.<ref name=Volman>{{Cite journal | pmid = 24198347| pmc = 3818538| year = 2013| last1 = Volman| first1 = S. F.| title = New insights into the specificity and plasticity of reward and aversion encoding in the mesolimbic system| journal = Journal of Neuroscience| volume = 33| issue = 45| pages = 17569–76| last2 = Lammel| last3 = Margolis| last4 = Kim| last5 = Richard| last6 = Roitman| last7 = Lobo| doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3250-13.2013}}</ref> [[fMRI]] evidence suggests that the common property linking these stimuli, to which the striatum is reacting, is [[Salience (neuroscience)|salience]] under the conditions of presentation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=LUNA|first=BEATRIZ|author2=SWEENEY, JOHN A. |title=The Emergence of Collaborative Brain Function: fMRI Studies of the Development of Response Inhibition|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|date=1 June 2004|volume=1021|issue=1|pages=296–309|doi=10.1196/annals.1308.035|pmid=15251900|bibcode=2004NYASA1021..296L|s2cid=37404147}}</ref><ref name="urlDepartment of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience: About the Department">{{cite web |url=http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/staff/schultz/ |title=Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience: About the Department |access-date=15 December 2007 |archive-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411193109/http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/staff/schultz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A number of other brain areas and circuits are also related to reward, such as frontal areas. Functional maps of the striatum reveal interactions with widely distributed regions of the cerebral cortex important to a diverse range of functions.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Choi EY, Yeo BT, Buckner RL |title=The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |date = 2012 |volume = 108 |issue=8 |pages=2242–2263 |doi= 10.1152/jn.00270.2012 |pmid= 22832566 |pmc=3545026}}</ref>

The interplay between the striatum and the [[prefrontal cortex]] is relevant for behavior, particularly adolescent development as proposed by the [[dual systems model]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Laurence|date=April 2010|title=A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking|journal=Developmental Psychobiology|volume=52|issue=3|pages=216–224|doi=10.1002/dev.20445|issn=1098-2302|pmid=20213754|doi-access=free}}</ref>