Editing Stephen Wolfram (section)

=== ''A New Kind of Science'' ===
{{Main|A New Kind of Science}}

From 1992 to 2002, Wolfram worked on his controversial book ''[[A New Kind of Science]]'',<ref name="bio"/><ref name="newkind">{{Cite book|isbn = 1579550088|title = A New Kind of Science|last1 = Wolfram|first1 = Stephen|year = 2002| publisher=Wolfram Media }}</ref> which presents an empirical study of simple computational systems. Additionally, it argues that for fundamental reasons these types of systems, rather than traditional mathematics, are needed to model and understand complexity in nature. Wolfram's conclusion is that the universe is discrete in its nature, and runs on fundamental laws that can be described as simple programs. He predicts that a realization of this within scientific communities will have a revolutionary influence on physics, chemistry, biology, and most other scientific areas, hence the book's title. The book was met with skepticism and criticism that Wolfram took credit for the work of others and made conclusions without evidence to support them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science |url=http://bactra.org/reviews/wolfram/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=bactra.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=2002-05-01 |title=What kind of science is this? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/417216a |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=417 |issue=6886 |pages=216–218 |doi=10.1038/417216a |pmid=12015565 |bibcode=2002Natur.417..216G |s2cid=10636328 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>