Editing Sputnik 1 (section)

=== Propaganda ===
[[File:Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg|thumb|upright|A Soviet 40 kopek stamp, showing the satellite's orbit]]
Sputnik 1 was not immediately used for Soviet propaganda. The Soviets had kept quiet about their earlier accomplishments in rocketry, fearing that it would lead to secrets being revealed and failures being exploited by the West.<ref name="bessonov">Bessonov, K. (2007). Sputnik's legacy. ''Moscow News'', ''41''. Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://www.mnweekly.ru/news/20071004/55280383.html |title=Moscow News – Sputnik's Legacy |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526215946/https://mnweekly.ru/news/20071004/55280383.html |archive-date=26 May 2009}}.</ref> When the Soviets began using Sputnik in their propaganda, they emphasized pride in the achievement of Soviet technology, arguing that it demonstrated the Soviets' superiority over the West. People were encouraged to listen to Sputnik's signals on the radio<ref name="bessonov" /> and to look out for Sputnik in the night sky. While Sputnik itself had been highly polished, its small size made it barely visible to the naked eye. What most watchers actually saw was the much more visible 26-metre core stage of the R-7.<ref name="bessonov" /> Shortly after the launch of PS-1, Khrushchev pressed Korolev to launch another satellite to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the [[October Revolution]], on 7 November 1957.<ref>Siddiqi, p. 172.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVt0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 |title=Essays on the History of Respiratory Physiology |last=West |first=John B. |year=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4939-2362-5|pages=334–335 |language=en |chapter=Historical Aspects of Early Soviet/Russian Manned Space Program}}</ref>

The launch of Sputnik 1 surprised the American public, and shattered the perception created by American propaganda of the United States as the technological superpower, and the Soviet Union as a backward country.<ref name="legacy">[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/opinion/04thur3.html The Legacy of Sputnik] [Editorial]. (2007). ''The New York Times'', p. 28.</ref> Privately, however, the [[CIA]] and President Eisenhower were aware of progress being made by the Soviets on Sputnik from secret spy plane imagery.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Sputnik Declassified |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sputnik-declassified/ |series=NOVA |series-link=Nova (American TV series) |date=6 November 2007 |season=34 |number=15 |access-date=3 January 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107002645/https://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sputnik-declassified/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Together with the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL), the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] built [[Explorer 1]], and launched it on 31 January 1958. Before work was completed, however, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2, on 3 November 1957. Meanwhile, the televised failure of ''[[Vanguard TV-3]]'' on 6 December 1957 deepened American dismay over the country's position in the [[Space Race]]. The Americans took a more aggressive stance in the emerging space race,<ref>Wilson, C. (n.d.). "Sputnik: a Mixed Legacy". ''U.S. News & World Report'', ''143''(12), (37–38).</ref> resulting in an emphasis on science and technological research, and reforms in many areas from the military to education systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morring |first1=F. |year=2007 |title=Down To Earth |journal=Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume=166 |issue=12 |page=129}}</ref> The federal government began investing in science, engineering, and mathematics at all levels of education.<ref name="legacy" /><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/14682740701791334 |last1=Peoples |first1=C. |s2cid=154436145 |year=2008 |title=Sputnik and 'skill thinking' revisited: technological determinism in American responses to the Soviet missile threat |journal=Cold War History |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–75}}</ref> An advanced research group was assembled for military purposes.<ref name="legacy" /> These research groups developed weapons such as ICBMs and missile defense systems, as well as spy satellites for the U.S.<ref name="legacy" />