Editing Sphalerite (section)

=== Volcanogenic massive sulfide ===
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits can be Cu-Zn- or Zn-Pb-Cu-rich, and accounts for 25% of Zn in reserves.<ref name="Arndt-2015"/> There are various types of VMS deposits with a range of regional contexts and host rock compositions; a common characteristic is that they are all hosted by submarine volcanic rocks.<ref name="Kropschot-2011"/> They form from metals such as copper and zinc being transferred by hydrothermal fluids (modified seawater) which leach them from volcanic rocks in the oceanic crust; the metal-saturated fluid rises through fractures and faults to the surface, where it cools and deposits the metals as a VMS deposit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roland.|first=Shanks, Wayne C. Thurston|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/809680409|title=Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model|date=2012|publisher=U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey|oclc=809680409}}</ref> The most abundant ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and pyrrhotite.<ref name="Arndt-2015" /> Mines that contain VMS deposits include [[Kidd Mine|Kidd Creek]] in Ontario, Urals in [[Russia]], Troodos in [[Cyprus]], and Besshi in [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=du Bray|first=Edward A.|date=1995|title=Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models|journal=Open-File Report|page=61 |doi=10.3133/ofr95831|issn=2331-1258|doi-access=free|bibcode=1995usgs.rept...61D }}</ref>