Editing Southeast Asia (section)

===Trade and colonization===
[[File:StraitOfMalacca2.jpg|thumb|[[Strait of Malacca]]]]

Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence, and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=282|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

====Chinese====
{{See also|List of tributaries of Imperial China|Bamboo network|Chinese Empire}}

From 111 BC to 938 AD, northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the [[Han dynasty|Han]], [[Eastern Han]], [[Eastern Wu]], [[Cao Wei]]<!-- After Cao Wei annexe Shu Han, Lu Xing 呂興 kill prefect and surrender Jiaozhi to Cao Wei -->, [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin]], [[Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]], [[Sui dynasty|Sui]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], and [[Southern Han]].
Records from Magellan's voyage show that [[Brunei]] possessed more [[cannon]] than European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.<ref name="Bergreen.L_Magellan" />

Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, [[Hang Li Po]], to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry [[Mansur Shah of Malacca|Sultan Mansur Shah]] after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. [[Hang Li Poh's Well]] (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is [[Bukit Cina]], where her retinue settled.

The strategic value of the [[Strait of Malacca]], which was controlled by [[Sultanate of Malacca]] in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer [[Tomé Pires]], who wrote in the ''Suma Oriental'': "Whoever is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of [[Venice]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4QYAQAAMAAJ |title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 |date=1944 |publisher=The Hakluyt Society |location=London |pages=287 |language=en |lccn=47018369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145456/https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/The_Suma_Oriental_of_Tome_Pires.html?id=H4QYAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> (Venice was a major European trading partner, and goods were transported there via the Straight.)

====European====
{{See also|European colonisation of Southeast Asia}}

[[File:Fort Cornwallis Eck.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Cornwallis]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] marks the spot where the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] first landed in [[Penang]] in 1786, thus heralding the [[British Empire|British colonisation]] of [[British Malaya|Malaya]]]]

Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spaniards years later, which they used to [[Manila Galleons|trade between Asia and Latin America]]. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch established the [[Dutch East Indies]]; the [[French Indochina]]; and the British [[Straits Settlements|Strait Settlements]]. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for [[Thailand]].

[[File:Kopparmynt, 1646-1667. 2 kas, 2 doit. Holländska Indien - Skoklosters slott - 108653.tif|thumb|upright|[[Duit]], a coin minted by the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]], 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit]]

[[Chronology of European exploration of Asia|European explorers]] were reaching Southeast Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as [[honey]] and [[hornbill]] beaks from the islands of the archipelago. Before the 18th and 19th centuries, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence-level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilisations, hunting and gathering was still hard.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=286|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

Europeans brought [[Christianity]] allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe and Russia.

====Japanese====
{{See also|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Empire of Japan|Japanese war crimes}}

During World War II, [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] invaded most of the former western colonies under the concept of "[[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]". However, the [[Shōwa period|Shōwa occupation regime]] committed violent actions against civilians such as live human experimentation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/vivisection-japan-philippines-a00304-20200723-lfrm|title=The Cruel Vivisections Japanese Performed on Filipinos in WWII}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/11/27/national/vivisection-on-filipinos-admitted/ | title=Vivisection on Filipinos admitted | date=27 November 2006 | access-date=15 April 2023 | archive-date=2 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602072725/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/11/27/national/vivisection-on-filipinos-admitted/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laguardia.edu/maus/files/ethics-ch-16.pdf|title=JAPANESE BIOMEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION DURING THE WORLD-WAR-II ERA|website=laguardia.edu|first=Sheldon H.|last=Harris|author-link=Sheldon H. Harris|access-date=15 April 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324223814/https://www.laguardia.edu/maus/files/ethics-ch-16.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Gold, Hal (2011). Unit 731 Testimony (1st ed.). New York: Tuttle Pub. p. 97. ISBN 978-1462900824.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100210f3.html|title= - The Japan Times|website=japantimes.co.jp}} {{dead link|date=June 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/1796044.stm | title=Unit 731: Japan's biological force | date=February 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://apjjf.org/-Christopher-Reed/2177/article.html | title=The United States and the Japanese Mengele: Payoffs and Amnesty for Unit 731 | date=14 August 2006 }}</ref> sexual slavery under the brutal "[[comfort women]]" system,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/29/939811000/philippine-survivor-recounts-her-struggle-as-a-comfort-woman-for-wartime-japan|title=Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IsBB-RVTlQC&dq=comfort+gay+philippines+japan&pg=PR9|title=The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia|year=2008|publisher=The University of the Philippines Press|isbn=9789715425629|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://verafiles.org/articles/mystery-missing-comfort-woman-statue|title=The mystery of the missing comfort woman statue|date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Vera Files|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mosbergen |first=Dominique |date=29 August 2017 |title=Harrowing Story Of Filipina Women Enslaved In Japan's Wartime Rape Camps |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/comfort-women-philippines-m-evelina-galang_us_57232d48e4b0f309baf08490 |work=Huffington Post |location=New York, New York |access-date=30 March 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |agency=Kyodo News |date=20 November 2015 |title=Filipino 'comfort women' survivors stage rally in Manila |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/metro-manila/11/20/15/filipino-comfort-women-survivors-stage-rally-in-manila |work=ABS CBN News |access-date=30 March 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Whaley |first=Floyd |date=29 January 2016 |title=In Philippines, World War II's Lesser-Known Sex Slaves Speak Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/asia/japan-philippines-comfort-women-emperor-akihito.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://apjjf.org/2021/5/Shin.html | title=Voices of the "Comfort Women": The Power Politics Surrounding the UNESCO Documentary Heritage | date=March 2021 }}</ref> the [[Manila massacre]] and the implementation of a system of [[Unfree labour|forced labour]], such as the one involving four to ten million ''[[romusha]]'' in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029)|access-date=6 January 2022|website=lcweb2.loc.gov|title=Archived copy|archive-date=30 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030225658/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+id0029%29|url-status=live}}</ref> A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dower |first1=John W. |author-link=John W. Dower |title=War Without Mercy: Race And Power In The Pacific War |date=1986 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-394-75172-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=296 |quote=According to the U.N. Working Group for Asia and the Far East, "the total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from hunger, disease, and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, and 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands."}}</ref> The Allied powers who then defeated Japan (and other allies of [[Axis powers|Axis]]) in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II]] then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

====Indian====
{{See also|British rule in Burma}}
[[Gujarat]], India had a flourishing trade relationship with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=toi/> The trade relationship with Gujarat declined after the Portuguese invasion of Southeast Asia in the 17th century.<ref name=toi/>

====American====
{{See also|United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}

The United States took the Philippines from Spain in 1898. Internal autonomy was granted in 1934, and independence in 1946.<ref>H. W. Brands, ''Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines: 1890-1990'' (1992)</ref>