Editing Shorthand (section)

=== Varieties of vowel representation ===
Shorthand systems can also be classified according to the way that vowels are represented.
* ''[[Alphabet]]ic'' – Expression by "normal" vowel signs that are not fundamentally different from consonant signs (e.g., Gregg, Duployan).
* ''Mixed alphabetic'' – Expression of vowels and consonants by different kinds of strokes (e.g., Arends' system for German or [[Melin Shorthand|Melin's Swedish Shorthand]] where vowels are expressed by upward or sideway strokes and consonants and consonant clusters by downward strokes).
* ''[[Abjad]]'' – No expression of the individual vowels at all except for indications of an initial or final vowel (e.g., Taylor).
* ''Marked abjad'' – Expression of vowels by the use of detached signs (such as dots, ticks, and other marks) written around the consonant signs.
* ''Positional abjad'' – Expression of an initial vowel by the height of the word in relation to the line, no necessary expression of subsequent vowels (e.g., Pitman, which can optionally express other vowels by detached diacritics).
* ''[[Abugida]]'' – Expression of a vowel by the shape of a stroke, with the consonant indicated by orientation (e.g., Boyd).
* ''Mixed abugida'' – Expression of the vowels by the width of the joining stroke that leads to the following consonant sign, the height of the following consonant sign in relation to the preceding one, and the line pressure of the following consonant sign (e.g., most German shorthand systems).