Editing Shivaji (section)

== Conflict with the Mughals ==
[[File:Sivaji and Army.jpg|thumb|Shivaji with his personal guards by Mir Muhammad c. 1672]]
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to [[Aurangzeb]], the son of the Mughal Emperor and [[viceroy]] of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=55–56}} Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=S.R. Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC|title=Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2|year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|page=59 |isbn=978-81-7156-818-5 }}</ref> This was followed by raids in [[Junnar]], with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 ''[[hun (coin)|hun]]'' in cash and 200 horses.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=57}} Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne, following the illness of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]].{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=60}}

=== Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat ===
{{Main|Battle of Chakan|Battle of Surat}}
[[File:Shaistekhan Surprised.jpg|thumb|right|A 20th century depiction  of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by [[M.V. Dhurandhar]]]]

At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]], with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC|year=1929|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|page=44}}</ref> He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of [[Lal Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji the Great Liberator|author=Aanand Aadeesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|page=69|year=2011|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-102-1}}</ref>

On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=71}} He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmud |first1=Sayyid Fayyaz |last2=Mahmud |first2=S. F. |title=A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577385-9 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xtuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref> The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Mehta|2009|p=543}}

In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked the port city of Surat]], a wealthy Mughal trading centre and decamped with plunder exceeding Rs 10 million.<ref name="ReferenceA">An Advanced History of India , by RC Majumdar</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=491}} On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a [[Raid (military)|naval raid]] on [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-held [[Basrur]] in present-day Karnataka, and gained a large plunder.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shejwalkar |first1=T.S. |year=1942 |title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929309 |jstor=42929309 |publisher=Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune |volume=4 |pages=135–146 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=15 February 2021 |title=Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/15/mega-event-to-mark-karnataka-port-town-basrurs-liberation-from-portuguese-by-shivaji-2264393.html |newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Treaty of Purandar ===
{{Main|Treaty of Purandar (1665)}}
[[File:The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg|thumb|Shivaji submits to Jai Singh]]
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]]]]

The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the [[Rajput]] general [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93" /> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93">{{harvnb|Gordon|1993|pp=1, 3–4, 50–55, 59, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139}}</ref> Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh "I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you to pardon or kill me at your pleasure."<ref name="EralyA"/>

In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=74}}

Sambhaji was taken as a political prisoner to ensure compliance with the treaty. Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court. To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=2007-12-03 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}}

=== Arrest in Agra and escape ===
[[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.]]

In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to [[Agra]] (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to [[Kandahar]], now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563386-3 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBlKh1Pwof0C |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji took offence, stormed out,{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=78}} and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Meenakshi |title=The India They Saw (Vol. 3) |date=2011 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8430-108-3 |pages=299, 300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |language=en}}</ref> The emperor also withheld the previous honors bestowed upon him such as his robe of honour, elephant and jewels.<ref name="Richard">{{cite book | last=Richards | first=John F. | title=The Mughal Empire | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author-link=John F. Richards | date=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|chapter= Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan & The Deccan war |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref>{{rp|211}}

Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue employing him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision. While Shivaji regarded himself as a king, in the eyes of the Mughal emperor, he was only a relatively successful rebel zamindar.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=76-8}}

By the time the order for his posting to Kabul arrived, a rumor had already spread at the court that Shivaji would be killed along the way. However, the order was canceled when Shivaji refused to go. During the negotiations that followed, Shivaji demanded the transfer of his forts before becoming a mansabdar, a demand the emperor rejected. The orders to kill him were prevented only by Jai Singh's intervention. In the end, Shivaji's request to leave for Banaras as a sannyasi was also rejected.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=76-8}}

Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938 |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA132 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jl |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |page=547 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA547 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Nonica |title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval |date=2003 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-067-2 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Sachi K. |title=Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism |date= 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-045142-9 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCM_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Gopa |title=The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-029521-4 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sghuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajmohan |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History |date= 2000 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-318-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT163 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=SarDesai |first1=D. R. |title=India: The Definitive History |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97950-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |language=en}}</ref> Stewart Gordon opines that there is no contemporary evidence to support this story. He also states that, despite Aurangzeb's suspicions regarding Ram Singh's involvement in Shivaji's escape, nothing was proven and Shivaji likely bribed the guards to facilitate his escape.{{Sfn|Gordon|2007|p=78}}

=== Peace with the Mughals ===

After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=98}} Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb also conferred the title of Raja on Shivaji, although he did not restore his right over forts.<ref>{{cite book | last=Joshi | first=P.S. | title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D. | publisher=S. Chand | year=1980 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOu1AAAAIAAJ | language=en | access-date=2025-02-15 | pages=91–93|chapter=Early life of Sambhaji}}</ref> Sambhaji was also restored as a [[Mansabdar|Mughal mansabdar]] with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general [[Prataprao Gujar]], to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]]. Sambhaji was also granted territory in [[Berar sultanate|Berar]] for revenue collection.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=185}} [[Aurangzeb]] also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]; the weakened Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II]] sued for peace and granted the rights of ''[[sardeshmukhi]]'' and ''[[chauth]]ai'' to Shivaji.{{Sfn|Gordon|1993|p=231}}