Editing Shanghai (section)

=== Republic era ===
The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was established in 1912. The same year, the Old City walls were dismantled as they blocked the city's expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=洪智勤 |title=上海市区最后的古城墙在哪里？这些青砖堆砌的故事讲给你听 |url=https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sh.cctv.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 1921, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] was founded in the [[Shanghai French Concession]].<ref name="SHChronicles" /> On 30 May 1925, the [[May Thirtieth Movement]] broke out when a worker in a Japanese-owned [[cotton mill]] was shot and killed by a Japanese foreman.<ref name="Ku">Ku, Hung-Ting [1979] (1979). Urban Mass Movement: The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Modern Asian Studies, Vol.13, No.2. pp.197–216</ref> Workers in the city then launched [[general strikes]] against [[imperialism]], which became nationwide protests that gave rise to [[Chinese nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1509|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32383-6|page=1509}}</ref>

The golden age of Shanghai began with its elevation to municipality after it was separated from [[Jiangsu]] on 7 July 1927.<ref name="SHChronicles" /><ref name="GovHistory">{{cite web |script-title=zh:第一卷 建置沿革 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |date = 2 July 2008 |access-date = 2 October 2019 |language = zh-cn |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181025041944/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |archive-date = 25 October 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> This new Chinese municipality covered an area of {{convert|494.69|km2|1|sp=us|abbr=on}}, including the modern-day districts of [[Baoshan District, Shanghai|Baoshan]], [[Yangpu District|Yangpu]], [[Zhabei]], [[Nanshi District, Shanghai|Nanshi]], and [[Pudong]], but excluded the foreign concessions territories.<ref name="GovHistory" /> Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city government's first task—the [[Greater Shanghai Plan]]—was to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. The plan included a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall, which were partially constructed before being interrupted by the Japanese invasion.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.&nbsp;34.</ref> In the 1920s, ''[[shidaiqu]]'' became a new form of entertainment and was popularised in Shanghai.<ref>{{cite book |last=Liu |first=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXAyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Transforming Tradition |date=2013 |isbn=9780472132478 |edition=2nd Revised |page=225 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |via=Google Books |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813210929/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXAyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the [[Asia-Pacific]] region in the 1930s.<ref name="1930hub">{{cite web|url=http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf|title=Shanghai: Global financial center? Aspirations and reality, and implications for Hong Kong|author=Scott Tong|date=October 2009|work=Hong Kong Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624000600/http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2011|access-date=17 October 2011}}
</ref> During the ensuing decades, citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work; those who stayed for long periods⁠⁠—some for generations⁠—called themselves "[[Shanghailander]]s".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401164357/http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |title=Shanghai: Paradise for adventurers |date=1 April 2009 |type=Documentary |publisher=CBC - TV |archive-date=1 April 2009}}</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 [[White Movement|White Russians]] fled the newly established [[Soviet Union]] to reside in Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web |title =Shanghai's White Russians (1937) |publisher =SHANGHAI SOJOURNS |url =http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |date =21 August 2018 |access-date =2 October 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190324112736/http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |archive-date =24 March 2019 |url-status =live}}</ref> These [[Shanghai Russians]] constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth-largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |title=All About Shanghai. Chapter 4 – Population |website=Tales of Old Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520024207/https://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |archive-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> In the 1930s, some 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |title=Shanghai Sanctuary |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |archive-date=14 August 2009 |date=31 July 2008}}</ref>

<gallery widths="155">
File:1937 Shanghai, China VP8.webm|Shanghai, filmed in 1937
File:Shanghai Bund seen from the French Concession.jpg|[[The Bund]] in the late 1920s seen from the [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession]]
File:Shanghai tram, British section, 1920s, John Rossman's collection.jpg|[[Nanjing Road|Nanking Road]] (modern-day [[East Nanjing Road]]) in the 1930s
File:Shanghai Park Hotel 2007.jpg|alt=Shanghai Park Hotel was the tallest building in Asia for decades|[[Park Hotel Shanghai|Shanghai Park Hotel]] was the tallest building in Asia for decades.
File:Former Shanghai Library.jpg|Former [[Shanghai Library]]
File:The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, built in 1923 and The Customs House built in 1927.jpg|The [[HSBC Building, the Bund|HSBC Building]], built in 1923, and the [[Custom House, Shanghai|Customs House]], built-in 1927
</gallery>

==== Japanese invasion ====
{{Main|Battle of Shanghai}}
[[File:Shanghai1937city zhabei fire.jpg|thumb|[[Zhabei District]] on fire, 1937|alt=]]
On [[January 28 incident|28 January 1932]], Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai while the Chinese resisted. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings<ref>{{cite book |title=A Description of the Oriental Library Before and After the Destruction by Japanese on February 1, 1932 |author=Board of Directors of the Oriental Library |publisher=Mercury Press |date=1932| page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2024}}</ref> were destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed, injured, or declared missing.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:图说上海一二八事变----战争罪行 |website = archives.sh.cn |url = http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |access-date = 3 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180204225310/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |archive-date = 4 February 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> In 1937, the [[Battle of Shanghai]] resulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city suffered on a daily basis, experiencing hunger, oppression, or death.<ref>Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, Written on Water, translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), XI</ref> The foreign concessions were ultimately occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945; multiple [[Japanese war crimes|war crimes]] were committed during that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |title=149 comfort women houses discovered in Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201080455/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=16 June 2005}}</ref>

A side-effect of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai was the [[Shanghai Ghetto]]. A vice-consul for Japan in Lithuania, [[Chiune Sugihara]], issued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees who were escaping the [[Holocaust]]. They traveled from [[Keidan]], Lithuania and across Russia by railroad to [[Vladivostok]] from where they traveled by ship to [[Kobe]], Japan. Their stay in Kobe was short as the Japanese government transferred them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees found haven in Shanghai on ships from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned into a cramped ghetto in the Hongkou District and after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], even the Iraqi Jews who had been living in Shanghai from before the outbreak of WWII were interned. Among the refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto was the [[Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)|Mirrer Yeshiva]], including its students and faculty. On 3 September 1945, the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto and most of the Jews left over the next few years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |title=Shanghai's Forgotten Jewish Past |last=Griffiths |first=James |work=The Atlantic |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620014031/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |url-status=live}}</ref>