Editing Sexual revolution (section)

==Popular culture==

===Erotic novels===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2018}}
In the United States in the years 1959 through 1966, bans on three books with explicit erotic content were challenged and overturned. This also occurred in the United Kingdom starting with the [[Obscene Publications Act 1959|1959 Obscene Publications Act]] and reaching a peak with the ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]''&nbsp;court case.

Prior to this time, a patchwork of regulations (as well as local customs and vigilante actions) governed what could and could not be published. For example, the [[United States Customs Service]] banned [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' by refusing to allow it to be imported into the United States. The [[Roman Catholic Church]]'s ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'' carried great weight among Catholics and amounted to an effective and instant boycott of any book appearing on it. Boston's [[Watch and Ward Society]], a largely Protestant creation inspired by [[Anthony Comstock]], made "[[banned in Boston]]" a national by-word.

In 1959 [[Grove Press]] published an unexpurgated version of the 1928 novel ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]'' by [[D.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Lawrence]]. The [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Post Office]] confiscated copies sent through the mail. Lawyer [[Charles Rembar]] sued the New York City Postmaster, and won in New York and then on federal appeal.

[[Henry Miller]]'s 1934 novel, ''[[Tropic of Cancer (novel)|Tropic of Cancer]]'', had explicit sexual passages and could not be published in the United States; an edition was printed by the [[Obelisk Press]] in Paris and copies were smuggled into the United States. In 1961 Grove Press issued a copy of the work, and dozens of booksellers were sued for selling it. The issue was ultimately settled by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S.&nbsp; Supreme Court's]] 1964 decision in ''Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein''.

In 1963 Putnam published [[John Cleland]]'s 1750&nbsp;novel ''[[Fanny Hill]]''. [[Charles Rembar]] appealed a restraining order against it all the way to the U.S.&nbsp; Supreme Court and won. In ''[[Memoirs v. Massachusetts]]'', 383&nbsp; U.S.&nbsp;413, the court ruled that sex was "a great and mysterious motive force in human life", and that its expression in literature was protected by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]].

By permitting the publication of ''Fanny Hill'', the U.S.&nbsp; Supreme Court set the bar for any ban so high that Rembar himself called the 1966&nbsp; decision "the end of obscenity". Only books primarily appealing to "prurient interest" could be banned. In a famous phrase, the court said that obscenity is "utterly without redeeming social importance"—meaning that a work with any redeeming social importance or [[literary merit]] was arguably not obscene, even if it contained isolated passages that could "deprave and corrupt" some readers.

===Explicit sex on screen and stage===
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2018}}
Swedish filmmakers like [[Ingmar Bergman]] and [[Vilgot Sjöman]] contributed to sexual liberation with sexually themed films that challenged conservative international standards. The 1951 film ''[[Hon dansade en sommar]]'' (''She Danced One Summer AKA One Summer of Happiness'') displayed explicit nudity, including bathing in a lake.

This film, as well as Bergman's ''[[Sommaren med Monika]]'' (''The Summer with Monika'', 1951) and ''[[The Silence (1963 film)|Tystnaden]] (The Silence'', 1963), caused an international uproar, not least in the United States, where the films were charged with violating standards of decency. Vilgot Sjöman's film ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]'', also was very popular in the United States. Another of his films, ''[[491 (film)|491]]'', highlighted homosexuality. ''[[Language of Love|Kärlekens språk]]'' (''The Language of Love'') was an informative documentary about sex and sexual techniques that featured the first real act of sex in a mainstream film.

From these films, the myth of "Swedish sin" (licentiousness and seductive nudity) arose. The image of "hot love and cold people" emerged, with sexual liberalism seen as part of the modernization process that, by breaking down traditional borders, would lead to the emancipation of natural forces and desires.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Carl |last1=Marklund |title=Hot Love and Cold People. Sexual Liberalism as Political Escapism in Radical Sweden |year=2009 |journal=NORDEUROPAforum |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=83–101 |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2009-1/marklund-carl-83/XML/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217062419/http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2009-1/marklund-carl-83/XML/ |archive-date=December 17, 2012 }}</ref> In Sweden and nearby countries at the time, these films, by virtue of being made by directors who had established themselves as leading names in their generation, helped delegitimize the idea of habitually demanding that films should avoid overtly sexual subject matter. The films eventually progressed the public's attitude toward sex, especially in Sweden and other northern European countries, which today tend to be more sexually liberal than others.

===Fashion===

The [[monokini]], also known as a "topless [[bikini]]" or "unikini",<ref>{{cite web|title=Monokini|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/monokini|access-date=20 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818034055/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/monokini|archive-date=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikini-science.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |title=Bikini Science |access-date=2018-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202536/http://www.bikini-science.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |archive-date=2018-01-27 }}</ref> was designed by [[Rudi Gernreich]] in 1964, consisting of only a brief, close-fitting bottom and two thin straps;<ref>{{cite web|title=Monokini|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Topless+swimsuit|work=Free Dictionary|access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref> it was the first women's [[Toplessness#Topless swimwear|topless swimsuit]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rosebush|first1=Judson|title=Peggy Moffitt Topless Maillot in Studio|url=http://bikini-science.com/chronology/1960-1965_SS/PM6410_S/PM6410.html|website=Bikini Science|access-date=27 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202433/http://bikini-science.com/chronology/1960-1965_SS/PM6410_S/PM6410.html|archive-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=alac>{{cite book|last=Alac|first=Patrik|title=Bikini Story|year=2012|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1780429519|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIj_GBl5sAoC&pg=PA68|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129055818/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIj_GBl5sAoC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68|archive-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> Gernreich's revolutionary and controversial design included a bottom that "extended from the midriff to the upper thigh"<ref name="everything">{{cite web |url=http://www.everythingbikini.com/monokini.html |title=Bikini Styles: Monokini |publisher=Everything Bikini |access-date=13 January 2013 |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729151157/http://www.everythingbikini.com/monokini.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 }}</ref> and was "held up by shoestring laces that make a halter around the neck."<ref name=nangle>{{cite news|last1=Nangle|first1=Eleanore|title=Topless Swimsuit Causes Commotion|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/06/10/page/65/article/topless-swimsuit-causes-commotion|access-date=20 August 2015|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=June 10, 1964|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914161150/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/06/10/page/65/article/topless-swimsuit-causes-commotion/|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> Some credit Gernreich's design with initiating,<ref name=alac/> or describe it as a symbol of, the 1960s sexual revolution.<ref name=elle>{{cite web|title=Fit Celebrates the Substance of Style|url=http://www.elle.com/culture/news/a2060/fit-celebrates-the-substance-of-style-2452/|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=23 August 2015|date=July 5, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010954/http://www.elle.com/culture/news/a2060/fit-celebrates-the-substance-of-style-2452/|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

===Nonfiction===
The court decisions that legalized the publication of ''[[Fanny Hill]]'' had an even more important effect: freed from fears of legal action, nonfiction works about sex and sexuality started to appear more often. These books were factual and in fact, educational, made available in mainstream bookstores and [[Book sales club|mail-order book clubs]] to a mainstream readership, and their authors were guests on late-night talk shows. Earlier books such as ''What Every Girl Should Know'' ([[Margaret Sanger]], 1920) and ''A Marriage Manual'' (Hannah and Abraham Stone, 1939) had broken the silence and, by the 1950s, in the United States, it had become rare for women to go into their wedding nights not knowing what to expect.

The open discussion of sex as pleasure, and descriptions of sexual practices and techniques, was revolutionary. There were practices that some had heard of, but many adults did not know if they were realities or fantasies found only in pornographic books. The Kinsey report revealed that these practices were, at the very least, surprisingly frequent. These other books asserted, in the words of a 1980 book by [[Irene Kassorla]], that ''Nice Girls Do – And Now You Can Too''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kassorla |first=Irene |title=Nice Girls Do -- And Now You Can Too! |publisher=Stratford Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-936906-01-4 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

In 1962, [[Helen Gurley Brown]] published ''[[Sex and the Single Girl]]: The Unmarried Woman's Guide to Men, Careers, the Apartment, Diet, Fashion, Money and Men.''

In 1969 [[Terry Garrity|Joan Garrity]], identifying herself only as "J.", published ''[[The Sensuous Woman|The Way to Become the Sensuous Woman]]'', with information on exercises to improve the dexterity of one's tongue and how to have anal sex.

The same year saw the appearance of [[David Reuben (sex author)|David Reuben's]] book ''[[Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (book)|Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)]]''. Despite the dignity of Reuben's medical credentials, this book was light-hearted in tone.

In 1970 the Boston Women's Health Collective published ''Women and Their Bodies'', reissued a year later as ''[[Our Bodies, Ourselves]]''). Though not an erotic treatise or sex manual, the book included frank descriptions of sexuality, and contained illustrations that could have caused legal problems just a few years earlier.

[[Alex Comfort]]'s ''[[The Joy of Sex]]: A Gourmet Guide to Love Making'' appeared in 1972. In later editions, Comfort's exuberance was tamed in response to AIDS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stuever |first=Hank |date=2003-02-25 |title='Joy of Sex': Back on Top? |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/02/25/joy-of-sex-back-on-top/50041e8e-2742-48c1-92a0-c11cd517897a/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

In 1975 [[Will McBride (photographer)|Will McBride's]] ''Zeig Mal!'' ([[Show Me!]]), written with psychologist Helga Fleichhauer-Hardt for children and their parents, appeared in bookstores on both sides of the Atlantic. Appreciated by many parents for its frank depiction of pre-adolescent sexual discovery and exploration, it scandalized others and was pulled from circulation in the United States and some other countries. The book was followed in 1989 by ''Zeig Mal Mehr!'' ("Show Me More!").

===New emergence of pornography===
{{Further|History of pornography|Golden Age of Porn}}
The somewhat more open and commercial circulation of pornography was a new phenomenon. Pornography operated as a form of "cultural critique" insofar as it transgresses societal conventions. [[Manuel Castells]] claims that the online communities, which emerged (from the 1980s) around early bulletin-board systems, originated from the ranks of those who had been part of the counterculture movements and alternative way of life emerging out of the sexual revolution.<ref name=Pronography>{{cite journal |last=Garlick |first=Steve |title=A New Sexual Revolution? Critical Theory, Pornography, and the Internet |journal=Canadian Review of Sociology |date=August 2011 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=221–239 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-618X.2011.01264.x |pmid=22214041 }}</ref>

[[Lynn Hunt]] points out that early modern "pornography" (18th century) is marked by a "preponderance of female narrators", that the women were portrayed as independent, determined, financially successful (though not always socially successful and recognized) and scornful of the new ideals of female virtue and domesticity, and not objectification of women's bodies as many view pornography today. The sexual revolution was not unprecedented in identifying sex as a site of political potential and social culture. It was suggested that the interchangeability of bodies within pornography had radical implications for the meaning of gender differences, roles and norms.<ref name=Pronography />

In 1971 ''[[Playboy]]'' stopped airbrushing pubic hair out of its centerfold picture spreads; this new addition caused the magazine to hit its all-time peak circulation of more than seven million copies in 1972 and men started having more choices when it came to magazines.<ref name="Easy Come, Easy Go" />

In 1972 ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'' became a popular movie for heterosexual couples. The movie played all over America and was the first porn movie to earn a gross of a million dollars.<ref name="Easy Come, Easy Go" />

Pornography was less stigmatized by the end of the 1980s, and more mainstream movies depicted [[sexual intercourse]] as entertainment. Magazines depicting nudity, such as the popular ''[[Playboy]]'' and ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' magazines, won some acceptance as mainstream journals, in which public figures felt safe expressing their fantasies.

Some figures in the [[feminist]] movement, such as [[Andrea Dworkin]], challenged the depiction of women as objects in these pornographic or "urban men's" magazines. Other feminists such as [[Betty Dodson]] went on to found the [[pro-sex feminist]] movement in response to anti-pornography campaigns.

In India, an organization named Indians For Sexual Liberties is advocating the legalization of the porn business in India. The organization's founder, Laxman Singh, questioned the reasoning behind deeming as illegal the depiction of legal acts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sexual-freedom-parade-at-Jantar-Mantar-this-weekend/articleshow/12616275.cms |title='Sexual freedom' parade at Jantar Mantar this weekend – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=August 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230150423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sexual-freedom-parade-at-Jantar-Mantar-this-weekend/articleshow/12616275.cms |archive-date=December 30, 2016 }}</ref>

===The ''Playboy'' culture===
[[File:New York Playboy Club Bunnies aboard USS Wainwright (DLG-28) c1971.jpg|thumb|[[Playboy Bunnies]] aboard US Navy ship ([[USS Wainwright (CG-28)|USS ''Wainwright'']] (CG-28)), 1971]]

In 1953, Chicago resident [[Hugh Hefner]] founded ''[[Playboy]]'', a magazine which aimed to target males between the ages of 21 and 45.<ref name=hefsex /> The coverpage and nude centerfold in the first edition featured [[Marilyn Monroe]], then a rising [[sex symbol]].<ref name=marilyn>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rvwH7euUccIC&q=playboy&pg=PA75|page = 75|author = Les Harding|title = They Knew Marilyn Monroe: Famous Persons in the Life of the Hollywood Icon|isbn = 9780786490141|date = August 23, 2012| publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/10/01/554854492/marilyn-monroe-helped-hugh-hefner-but-not-by-choice|title=Marilyn Monroe Helped Hugh Hefner, But Not By Choice|work=NPR |date=October 1, 2017 |first1=Lulu |last1=Garcia-Navarro  |access-date=May 21, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Featuring cartoons, interviews, short fiction, Hefner's "Playboy Philosophy" and unclothed female "Playmates" posing provocatively, the magazine became immensely successful.<ref name=hefsex />

In 1960, Hefner expanded [[Playboy Enterprises]], opening the first [[Playboy Club]] in Chicago,<ref name=hefsex /> which grew to a chain of nightclubs and resorts.  The private clubs offered relaxation for members, who were waited on by [[Playboy Bunny|Playboy Bunnies]].<ref name=hefsex />

While Hefner claimed his company contributed to America's more liberal attitude towards sex,<ref name=hefsex>{{cite book|last=Farber|first=David|title=The 1960s Chronicles|publisher=Legacy Publishing|isbn=978-1412710091|page=30|year=2004}}</ref> others believe he simply exploited it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a12500409/hugh-hefner-legacy/|title=Hugh Hefner Didn't Start the Sexual Revolution—He Profited from It|last=Valenti|first=Jessica|date=September 28, 2017|work=Marie Claire |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230928040111/https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a12500409/hugh-hefner-legacy/ |archive-date= Sep 28, 2023 }}</ref>

===Pornographic film===
In 1969, ''[[Blue Movie]]'', directed by [[Andy Warhol]], was the first [[pornographic|adult erotic film]] depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.<ref name="NYT-19690722">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Movie Review – Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |date=July 22, 1969 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=December 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231190855/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |archive-date=December 31, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="WS-2002-2005">{{cite web |last=Comenas |first=Gary |title=Blue Movie (1968) |url=http://www.warholstars.org/andy-warhol-blue-movie.html |date=2005 |work=WarholStars.org |access-date=December 29, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230082332/http://www.warholstars.org/andy-warhol-blue-movie.html |archive-date=December 30, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-19690810">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall) |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE |date=August 10, 1969 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=December 29, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231190855/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE |archive-date=December 31, 2015 }}</ref> The film helped inaugurate the "[[Golden Age of Porn#"Porno chic"|porno chic]]"<ref name="NYT-19730121">{{cite news |last=Blumenthal |first=Ralph |title=Porno chic; 'Hard-core' grows fashionable-and very profitable |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/21/archives/pornochic-hardcore-grows-fashionableand-very-profitable.html |date=January 21, 1973 |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |access-date=February 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313013930/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2071FFC3C5C1A7A93C3AB178AD85F478785F9 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="TM-20050329">{{cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |title=That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html |date=March 29, 2005 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=January 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224174609/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html |archive-date=February 24, 2016 }}</ref> phenomenon in modern American culture. According to Warhol, ''Blue Movie'' was a major influence in the making of ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'', starring [[Marlon Brando]], and released a few years after ''Blue Movie'' was made.<ref name="WS-2002-2005" />

In 1970, ''[[Mona the Virgin Nymph]]'' became{{according to whom|date=September 2018}} the second film to gain wide release. The third, ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'', despite being rudimentary by the standards of mainstream filmmaking,{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} achieved major box office success, following mentions by [[Johnny Carson]] on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', and [[Bob Hope]] on television as well.<ref name="TM-20050329"/> In 1973, the far-more-accomplished (though still low-budget) ''[[The Devil in Miss Jones]]'' was the seventh-most-successful film of the year,{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} and was well received by major media,{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} including a favorable review by film critic [[Roger Ebert]].<ref name="RE-19730613">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=The Devil In Miss Jones – Film Review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-devil-in-miss-jones-1973 |date=June 13, 1973 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207221818/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-devil-in-miss-jones-1973 |archive-date=February 7, 2015 }}</ref>

In 1976, ''[[The Opening of Misty Beethoven]]'' (based on the play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]]) was released theatrically and is considered by [[Toni Bentley]] the "crown jewel" of "the golden age of porn."<ref name="PB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |date=June 2014 |work=[[Playboy (magazine)|Playboy]] |access-date=January 26, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204030128/http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |archive-date=February 4, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="TB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.tonibentley.com/pdfarticles/playboy/RadleyMetzger_AuteuroftheErotic_ToniBentley.pdf |date=June 2014 |work=[[Playboy (magazine)|Playboy]] |access-date=January 26, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201001546/http://www.tonibentley.com/pdfarticles/playboy/RadleyMetzger_AuteuroftheErotic_ToniBentley.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2016 }}</ref>

By the mid-1970s and through the 1980s, newly won sexual freedoms were being exploited by big businesses looking to capitalize on an increasingly permissive society, with the advent of public and hardcore pornography.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bannon |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Bannon |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1560255250/ref=sib_dp_pt/104-9728303-1778302#reader-link/ |title=Sexual Revolution (9781560255253): Jeffrey Escoffier, Fred W. McDarrah, Erica Jong: Books |via=Amazon |date=October 28, 2003 |publisher=Running Press |isbn=978-1-56025-525-3 |access-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> <!-- not relevant in this section: Historian [[David Allyn]] argues that the sexual revolution was a time of "coming-out": about [[premarital sex]], [[masturbation]], [[erotic fantasies]], pornography use, and [[Human sexuality|sexuality]].<ref name=allyn /> -->