Editing Seabird (section)

==== Kleptoparasitism, scavenging and predation ====
This catch-all category refers to other seabird strategies that involve the next [[trophic level]] up. [[Kleptoparasitism|Kleptoparasites]] are seabirds that make a part of their living stealing food of other seabirds. Most famously, [[frigatebird]]s and [[skua]]s engage in this behaviour, although gulls, terns and other species will steal food opportunistically.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schnell, G. |author2=Woods, B. |author3=Ploger B. |year=1983|title=Brown Pelican foraging success and kleptoparasitism by Laughing Gulls|journal=Auk |volume=100|issue=3 |pages=636–644|doi=10.1093/auk/100.3.636 }}</ref> The [[nocturnal animal|nocturnal]] nesting behaviour of some seabirds has been interpreted as arising due to pressure from this aerial piracy.<ref>Gaston, A. J.; Dechesne, S. B. C. (1996). Rhinoceros Auklet (''Cerorhinca monocerata''). In ''The Birds of North America, No. 212'' (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.</ref> Kleptoparasitism is not thought to play a significant part of the diet of any species, and is instead a supplement to food obtained by hunting.<ref name="Burger" /> A study of [[great frigatebird]]s stealing from [[masked booby|masked boobies]] estimated that the frigatebirds could at most obtain 40% of the food they needed, and on average obtained only 5%.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Vickery, J.  |author2=Brooke, M.  |year=1994|title=The kleptoparasitic interactions between Great Frigatebirds and Masked Boobies on Henderson Island, South Pacific |journal=Condor |volume=96|pages=331–340|doi=10.2307/1369318|issue=2|jstor=1369318 |s2cid=8846837 }}</ref> Many species of gull will feed on seabird and sea mammal [[carrion]] when the opportunity arises, as will [[giant petrel]]s. Some species of albatross also engage in scavenging: an analysis of regurgitated [[squid]] beaks has shown that many of the squid eaten are too large to have been caught alive, and include mid-water species likely to be beyond the reach of albatrosses.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Croxall, J. P.  |author2=Prince, P. A.  |name-list-style=amp |year=1994|title=Dead or alive, night or day: how do albatrosses catch squid?|journal=Antarctic Science |volume=6|pages= 155–162|doi=10.1017/S0954102094000246|issue=2|bibcode=1994AntSc...6..155C|s2cid=86598155 }}</ref> Some species will also feed on other seabirds; for example, gulls, skuas and pelicans will often take eggs, chicks and even small adult seabirds from nesting colonies, while the giant petrels can kill prey up to the size of small penguins and seal pups.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Punta |first1=G. |last2=Herrera |first2=G. |year=1995|title=Predation by Southern Giant Petrels ''Macronectes giganteus'' on adult Imperial Cormorants ''Phalacrocorax atriceps''|journal=Marine Ornithology |volume=23|pages= 166–167 |url=http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/23_2/23_2_9.pdf}}</ref>