Editing Scientist (section)

===Education===
In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an [[Academy|academic setting]] (e.g., [[universities]] and [[research institute]]s), mostly at the level of [[graduate school]]s. Upon completion, they would normally attain an [[academic degree]], with the highest degree being a [[doctorate]] such as a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD).<ref name="Cyranoski2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Cyranoski | first1 = David | last2 = Gilbert | first2 = Natasha | last3 = Ledford | first3 = Heidi | last4 = Nayar | first4 = Anjali | last5 = Yahia | first5 = Mohammed | year = 2011 | title = Education: The PhD factory | journal = Nature | volume = 472 | issue = 7343 | pages = 276–279 | doi = 10.1038/472276a | pmid=21512548| bibcode = 2011Natur.472..276C | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although [[Postgraduate education|graduate education]] for scientists varies among institutions and countries, some common training requirements include [[Academic specialization|specializing]] in an [[Branches of science|area]] of interest,<ref name="Editorial2015">{{cite journal | year = 2015 | title = STEM education: To build a scientist | journal = Nature | volume = 523 | issue = 7560 | pages = 371–373 | doi = 10.1038/nj7560-371a | doi-access = free }}</ref> publishing research findings in [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] [[scientific journal]]s<ref name="Gould2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Gould | first1 = Julie | year = 2016 | title = What's the point of the PhD thesis? | journal = Nature | volume = 535 | issue = 7610 | pages = 26–28 | doi = 10.1038/535026a | pmid = 27383968 | bibcode = 2016Natur.535...26G | doi-access = free }}</ref> and presenting them at [[Academic conference|scientific conferences]],<ref name="Kruger2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Kruger | first1 = Philipp | year = 2018 | title = Why it is not a 'failure' to leave academia | journal = Nature | volume = 560 | issue = 7716 | pages = 133–134 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-018-05838-y | pmid = 30065341 | bibcode = 2018Natur.560..133K | doi-access = free }}</ref> giving [[lecture]]s or [[Teacher|teaching]],<ref name="Kruger2018"/> and defending a [[Thesis|thesis (or dissertation)]] during an [[oral exam]]ination.<ref name="Cyranoski2011"/> To aid them in this endeavor, graduate students often work under the guidance of a [[Mentorship|mentor]], usually a senior scientist, which may continue after the completion of their doctorates whereby they work as [[postdoctoral researcher]]s.<ref name="Lee2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = Adrian | last2 = Dennis | first2 = Carina | last3 = Campbell | first3 = Phillip | year = 2007 | title = Nature's guide for mentors | journal = Nature | volume = 447 | issue = 7146 | pages = 791–797 | doi = 10.1038/447791a | pmid = 17568738 | bibcode = 2007Natur.447..791L | doi-access = free }}</ref>