Editing Schizophrenia (section)

====Substance use====
{{Further|Risk factors of schizophrenia#Substance use|Substance-induced psychosis}}

About half of those with schizophrenia use [[recreational drugs]] including [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], tobacco, and [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] excessively.<ref name=Gregg2007/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sagud M, Mihaljević-Peles A, Mück-Seler D, Pivac N, Vuksan-Cusa B, Brataljenović T, Jakovljević M | title = Smoking and schizophrenia | journal = Psychiatria Danubina | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 371–375 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19794359 }}</ref> Use of [[stimulant]]s such as [[amphetamine]] and [[cocaine]] can lead to a temporary [[stimulant psychosis]], which presents very similarly to schizophrenia. Rarely, alcohol use can also result in a similar [[Alcoholic hallucinosis|alcohol-related psychosis]].<ref name= BMJ07/><ref name=alcohol>{{Cite journal |url= http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3113.htm |title=Alcohol-Related Psychosis |access-date=27 September 2006 | vauthors = Larson M |date=30 March 2006 |journal=EMedicine |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081109011819/http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic3113.htm |archive-date=9 November 2008}}</ref> Drugs may also be used as coping mechanisms by people who have schizophrenia, to deal with depression, [[anxiety]], boredom, and [[loneliness]].<ref name=Gregg2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gregg L, Barrowclough C, Haddock G | title = Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 494–510 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17240501 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.004 }}</ref><ref name=Leweke08>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leweke FM, Koethe D | title = Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction | journal = Addiction Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 264–75 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18482435 | doi = 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00106.x | s2cid = 205400285 }}</ref> The use of cannabis and tobacco are not associated with the development of cognitive deficits, and sometimes a reverse relationship is found where their use improves these symptoms.<ref name=Vidailhet2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vidailhet P | title = [First-episode psychosis, cognitive difficulties and remediation]. | journal = L'Encéphale | date = September 2013 | volume = 39 | issue = Suppl 2 | language= fr| pages = S83-92 | doi = 10.1016/S0013-7006(13)70101-5 | pmid=24084427}}</ref> However, [[substance use disorder]]s are associated with an increased risk of suicide, and a poor response to treatment.<ref name= Khokhar2018>{{cite book |vauthors=Khokhar JY, Henricks AM, Sullivan ED, Green AI |title=Apprentices to Genius: A tribute to Solomon H. Snyder |chapter=Unique Effects of Clozapine: A Pharmacological Perspective |series=Advances in Pharmacology |volume=82 |pages=137–162 |date=2018 |pmid=29413518|doi=10.1016/bs.apha.2017.09.009|pmc=7197512 |isbn=978-0128140871 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bighelli I, Rodolico A, García-Mieres H, et al |title=Psychosocial and psychological interventions for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=Lancet Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=969–980 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34653393 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00243-1 |s2cid=239003358 |doi-access=free |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/160225/8/Bighelli_LancetPsychiatry_2021.pdf }}</ref>

[[Long-term effects of cannabis#Chronic psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders|Cannabis use]] may be a contributory factor in the development of schizophrenia, potentially increasing the risk of the disease in those who are already at risk.<ref name= Patel2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel S, Khan S, M S, Hamid P |title=The Association Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia: Causative or Curative? A Systematic Review |journal= [[Cureus]] |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=e9309 |date=July 2020 |pmid=32839678 |pmc=7442038 |doi=10.7759/cureus.9309 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref><ref name= Hasan2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, Leweke FM, Strube W, Hoch E |title=Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews |journal=Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci |volume=270 |issue=4 |pages= 403–412 |date=June 2020 |pmid=31563981 |doi=10.1007/s00406-019-01068-z |s2cid=203567900 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Causes — Schizophrenia | url= https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/ |publisher= UK [[National Health Service]] |date=11 November 2019 |access-date= 8 December 2021}}</ref> The increased risk may require the presence of certain genes within an individual.<ref name= Parakh2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parakh P, Basu D | title = Cannabis and psychosis: have we found the missing links? | journal = [[Asian Journal of Psychiatry]] | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–287 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23810133 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.03.012 | type = Review | quote = Cannabis acts as a component cause of psychosis, that is, it increases the risk of psychosis in people with certain genetic or environmental vulnerabilities, though by itself, it is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of psychosis. }}</ref> Its use is associated with doubling the rate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Vitrani G, Aguilar L, Roncero C | title = Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development | journal = The International Journal of Social Psychiatry | volume = 64 | issue = 7 | pages = 690–704 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30442059 | doi = 10.1177/0020764018801690 | s2cid = 53563635 }}</ref>