Editing Saladin (section)

===Further conquests in Syria===
[[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|right|19th-century depiction of a victorious Saladin, by [[Gustave Doré]]]]
Leaving his brother [[Tughtakin ibn Ayyub]] as Governor of Damascus, Saladin proceeded to reduce other cities that had belonged to Nur ad-Din, but were now practically independent. His army conquered [[Hamah|Hama]] with relative ease, but avoided attacking [[Homs]] because of the strength of its citadel.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|p=13}} Saladin moved north towards Aleppo, besieging it on 30 December after Gumushtigin refused to abdicate his throne.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|p=137}} As-Salih, fearing capture by Saladin, came out of his palace and appealed to the inhabitants not to surrender him and the city to the invading force. One of Saladin's chroniclers claimed "the people came under his spell".{{sfn|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=87}}

Gumushtigin requested [[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]], chief ''da'i'' of the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] of Syria, who were already at odds with Saladin since he replaced the Fatimids of Egypt, to assassinate Saladin in his camp.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|p=138}} On 11 May 1175, a group of thirteen Assassins easily gained admission into Saladin's camp, but were detected immediately before they carried out their attack by Nasih ad-Din Khumartekin of [[Abu Qubays, Syria|Abu Qubays]]. One was killed by one of Saladin's generals and the others were slain while trying to escape.{{sfn|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=87}}{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|p=139}}{{sfn|Nicolle|2011|p=20}} To deter Saladin's progress, [[Raymond III of Tripoli|Raymond of Tripoli]] gathered his forces by [[Nahr al-Kabir]], where they were well placed for an attack on Muslim territory. Saladin later moved toward [[Homs]] instead, but retreated after being told a relief force was being sent to the city by Saif ad-Din.{{sfn|Lyons|Jackson|1982|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Eddé|2011|p=392}}

Meanwhile, Saladin's rivals in Syria and Jazira waged a propaganda war against him, claiming he had "forgotten his own condition [servant of Nur ad-Din]" and showed no gratitude for his old master by besieging his son, rising "in rebellion against his Lord". Saladin aimed to counter this propaganda by ending the siege, claiming that he was defending Islam from the Crusaders; his army returned to Hama to engage a Crusader force there. The Crusaders withdrew beforehand and Saladin proclaimed it "a victory opening the gates of men's hearts".{{sfn|Lyons|Jackson|1982|pp=88–89}} Soon after, Saladin entered Homs and captured its citadel in March 1175, after stubborn resistance from its defenders.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|p=140}}

Saladin's successes alarmed Saif ad-Din. As head of the [[Zengid]]s, including Gumushtigin, he regarded Syria and [[Mesopotamia]] as his family estate and was angered when Saladin attempted to usurp his dynasty's holdings. Saif ad-Din mustered a large army and dispatched it to Aleppo, whose defenders anxiously had awaited them. The combined forces of Mosul and Aleppo marched against Saladin in Hama. Heavily outnumbered, Saladin initially attempted to make terms with the Zengids by abandoning all conquests north of the [[Jund Dimashq|Damascus province]], but they refused, insisting he return to Egypt. Seeing that confrontation was unavoidable, Saladin prepared for battle, taking up a superior position at the [[Battle of the Horns of Hama|Horns of Hama]], hills by the gorge of the [[Orontes River]]. On 13 April 1175, the Zengid troops marched to attack his forces, but soon found themselves surrounded by Saladin's Ayyubid veterans, who crushed them. The battle ended in a decisive victory for Saladin, who pursued the Zengid fugitives to the gates of Aleppo, forcing as-Salih's advisers to recognize Saladin's control of the provinces of Damascus, Homs, and Hama, as well as a number of towns outside Aleppo such as [[Ma'arat al-Numan]].{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|p=141}}

After his victory against the Zengids, Saladin proclaimed himself king and suppressed the name of as-Salih in Friday prayers and Islamic coinage. From then on, he ordered prayers in all the mosques of Syria and Egypt as the sovereign king and he issued at the Cairo mint gold coins bearing his official title—''al-Malik an-Nasir Yusuf Ayyub, ala ghaya'' "the King Strong to Aid, Joseph son of Job; exalted be the standard." The Abbasid caliph in Baghdad graciously welcomed Saladin's assumption of power and declared him "Sultan of Egypt and Syria". The Battle of Hama did not end the contest for power between the Ayyubids and the Zengids, with the final confrontation occurring in the spring of 1176. Saladin had gathered massive reinforcements from Egypt while Saif ad-Din was levying troops among the minor states of [[Diyarbakir]] and al-Jazira.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=141–143}} When Saladin crossed the Orontes, leaving Hama, the sun was eclipsed. He viewed this as an omen, but he continued his march north. He reached the [[Tell Sultan|Sultan's Mound]], roughly {{cvt|25|km|mi}} from Aleppo, where his forces encountered Saif ad-Din's army. A hand-to-hand fight ensued and the Zengids managed to plough Saladin's left-wing, driving it before him when Saladin himself charged at the head of the Zengid guard. The Zengid forces panicked and most of Saif ad-Din's officers ended up being killed or captured—Saif ad-Din narrowly escaped. The Zengid army's camp, horses, baggage, tents, and stores were seized by the Ayyubids. The Zengid [[prisoners of war]], however, were given gifts and freed. All of the booty from the Ayyubid victory was accorded to the army, Saladin not keeping anything himself.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|p=144}}

He continued towards Aleppo, which still closed its gates to him, halting before the city. On the way, his army took Buza'a and then captured [[Manbij]]. From there, they headed west to besiege the fortress of [[A'zaz]] on 15 May. Several days later, while Saladin was resting in one of his captain's tents, an Assassin rushed forward at him and struck at his head with a knife. The cap of his head armour was not penetrated and he managed to grip the Assassin's hand—the dagger only slashing his [[gambeson]]—and the assailant was soon killed. Saladin was unnerved at the attempt on his life, which he accused Gumushtugin and the Assassins of plotting, and so increased his efforts in the siege.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=144–146}}

A'zaz capitulated on 21 June, and Saladin then hurried his forces to Aleppo to punish Gumushtigin. His assaults were again resisted, but he managed to secure not only a truce, but a mutual alliance with Aleppo, in which Gumushtigin and as-Salih were allowed to continue their hold on the city, and in return, they recognized Saladin as the sovereign over all of the dominions he conquered. The ''emirs'' of [[Mardin]] and [[Hasankeyf|Keyfa]], the Muslim allies of Aleppo, also recognised Saladin as the King of Syria. When the treaty was concluded, the younger sister of as-Salih came to Saladin and requested the return of the Fortress of A'zaz; he complied and escorted her back to the gates of Aleppo with numerous presents.{{sfn|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=144–146}}