Editing Safe sex (section)

==Ineffective methods==
Most methods of contraception are not effective at preventing the spread of [[Sexually transmitted disease|STI]]s. This includes [[birth control pills]], [[vasectomy]], [[tubal ligation]], [[Fertility awareness|periodic abstinence]], [[IUD]]s and multiple non-barrier methods of pregnancy prevention. However, [[condoms]], when used correctly, significantly reduces the risks of STI transmission and unwanted pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condom Effectiveness |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |work=cdc.gov |date=2 February 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022 |url= https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/index.html |quote=Correctly using male (also called external) condoms and other barriers like female (also called internal) condoms and dental dams, every time, can reduce (though not eliminate) the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis. They can also provide protection against other diseases that may be transmitted through sex like Zika and Ebola. Using male (external) and female (internal) condoms correctly, every time, can also help prevent pregnancy. }}</ref>

The [[spermicide]] [[nonoxynol-9]] has been claimed to reduce the likelihood of STI transmission. However, a technical report from 2001<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/68510/1/WHO_RHR_03.08.pdf|title=Technical Consultation on Nonoxynol-9 |date=October 2001|website=WHO|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> by the [[World Health Organization]]  has shown that nonoxynol-9 is an irritant and can produce tiny tears in mucous membranes, which may increase the risk of transmission by offering [[pathogen]]s more easy points of entry into the system. They reported that nonoxynol-9 lubricant do not have enough spermicide to increase contraceptive effectiveness cautioned they should not be promoted. There is no evidence that spermicidal condoms are better at preventing STD transmission compared to condoms that do not have spermicide. If used properly, spermicidal condoms can prevent pregnancy, but there is still an increased risk that nonoxynyl-9 can irritate the skin, making it more susceptible for infections.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/safer-sex/how-do-i-make-sex-safer|title=How Do I Make Sex Safer? {{!}} Common Questions and Answers|website=www.plannedparenthood.org|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref>

The use of a [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragm]] or [[contraceptive sponge]] provides some women with better protection against certain sexually transmitted infections,<ref name="TechInd">{{cite news |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n19_v141/ai_12248743/ |title=Diaphragm and sponge protect against STDs - sexually transmitted diseases |access-date=5 April 2010 |work=Science News | vauthors = Fackelmann KA |year=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100404015828/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n19_v141/ai_12248743/ |archive-date=4 April 2010 }}</ref> but they are not effective for all STIs.

Hormonal methods of preventing pregnancy (such as oral contraceptives [i.e. 'The pill'], depoprogesterone, hormonal IUDs, the vaginal ring, and the patch) offer no protection against STIs. The copper intrauterine device and the hormonal intrauterine device provide an up to 99% protection against pregnancies but no protection against STIs. Women with copper intrauterine device ''may'' be subject to greater risk of infection from bacterial infectious such as [[gonorrhea]] or [[Chlamydia infection|chlamydia]], although this is debated.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hubacher D | title = Intrauterine devices & infection: review of the literature | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 140 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S53-7 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25673543 | pmc = 4345753 }}</ref>

[[Coitus interruptus]] (or "pulling out"), in which the penis is removed from the [[Human vagina|vagina]] or [[Human mouth|mouth]] before [[ejaculation]], may reduce transmission of STIs but still carries significant risk. This is because [[pre-ejaculate]], a fluid that oozes from the penile [[urethra]] before ejaculation, may contain STI pathogens. Additionally, the microbes responsible for some diseases, including [[genital wart]]s and [[syphilis]], can be transmitted through skin-to-skin or mucous membrane contact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe Sex: Better Health Channel |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/safe-sex |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=better health.vic.gov.au}}</ref>