Editing Rudy Giuliani (section)

== Mayoral campaigns ==
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the [[Reagan administration]] ended. He garnered criticism until he left office for his handling of cases and was accused of prosecuting cases to further his political ambitions.<ref name="Bearak-1997" /> He joined the law firm [[White & Case]] in New York City as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990, when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bracewellgiuliani.com/index.cfm/fa/lawyer.profile/attorney/f4d1303d-9dce-43d1-b132-1f858ee82613/Rudolph_W_Giuliani.cfm |title=Rudolph W. Giuliani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215121807/http://www.bracewellgiuliani.com/index.cfm/fa/lawyer.profile/attorney/f4d1303d-9dce-43d1-b132-1f858ee82613/Rudolph_W_Giuliani.cfm |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=December 15, 2007 |work=Bracewell & Giuliani }}</ref>

=== 1989 ===
{{main article|1989 New York City mayoral election}}
[[File:Bush Contact Sheet P06586 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Giuliani greeting President [[George H. W. Bush]] in 1989]]
Giuliani first ran for New York City mayor in 1989, when he attempted to unseat three-term incumbent [[Ed Koch]]. He won the September 1989 Republican Party [[Partisan primary|primary election]] against business magnate [[Ronald Lauder]] in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was [[Republican In Name Only|not a true Republican]] after an acrimonious debate between the two men.<ref name="Seeley-2007">{{cite news |first=Katharine Q. |last=Seeley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/03/us/politics/03giuliani.html |title=In G.O.P. Debate Today, Which Tack for Giuliani? |work=The New York Times |date=May 3, 2007 |access-date=March 31, 2008 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124000250/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/03/us/politics/03giuliani.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan [[Borough president]] [[David Dinkins]].

In the general election, Giuliani ran as the [[Electoral fusion (New York)|fusion]] candidate of both the Republican and the [[Liberal Party of New York|Liberal]] parties. The [[Conservative Party of New York|Conservative Party]], which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.<ref>{{cite news |first=Frank |last=Lynn |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/21/nyregion/giuliani-files-2-challenges-to-take-lauder-off-ballot.html |title=Giuliani Files{{spaces}}2 Challenges To Take Lauder off Ballot |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 21, 1989 |access-date=March 30, 2007 |archive-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921084115/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/21/nyregion/giuliani-files-2-challenges-to-take-lauder-off-ballot.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party's views on [[affirmative action]], [[gay rights]], [[gun control]], [[school prayer]], and tuition [[tax credit]]s".<ref>{{cite news |last=McKinley |first=James C. Jr. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/nyregion/liberal-party-backs-giuliani.html |title=Liberal Party Backs Giuliani |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 9, 1989 |access-date=August 3, 2015 |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525113017/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/nyregion/liberal-party-backs-giuliani.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying, "I'm the reformer,"<ref name="Roberts-1989">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Roberts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/05/nyregion/in-their-first-debate-dinkins-and-giuliani-go-at-it-gently.html |title=In Their First Debate, Dinkins and Giuliani Go At It, Gently |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 5, 1989 |access-date=June 24, 2007 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708145657/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/05/nyregion/in-their-first-debate-dinkins-and-giuliani-go-at-it-gently.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that "If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down," and that electing Dinkins would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down".<ref name="Seeley-2007" /> Giuliani pointed out that Dinkins had not filed a tax return for many years and several other ethical missteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son.<ref name="Roberts-1989" /> Dinkins filed several years of returns and said the tax matter had been fully paid off. He denied other wrongdoing, saying that "what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor" and that Giuliani refused to say "the R-word{{snd}}he doesn't like to admit he's a Republican".<ref name="Roberts-1989" /> Dinkins won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while Giuliani won approval from the ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackpressusa.com/history/archive_essay.asp?NewsID=1538&Week=45 |title=David Dinkins Elected First Black Mayor of New York |work=AfroTimes |date=November 11, 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509173630/http://www.blackpressusa.com/history/archive_essay.asp?NewsID=1538&Week=45 |first=Clint |last=Wilson |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref>

In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by a margin of 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in New York City's history. The closeness of the race was particularly noteworthy, considering the small percentage of New York City residents who are registered Republicans, and it resulted in Giuliani being the presumptive nominee for a rematch with Dinkins at the next election.<ref name="New York City" />

=== 1993 ===
{{Main|1993 New York City mayoral election}}
Four years after his defeat to Dinkins, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.<ref name="Marlin-2007">{{cite interview |first=George |last=Marlin |url=http://www.latestpolitics.com/article/17 |title=Q&A: George Marlin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319040015/http://www.latestpolitics.com/article/17 |archive-date=March 19, 2008 |work=[[The New York Sun]] |date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=June 24, 2007 }}</ref>

Although crime had begun to fall during the Dinkins administration,<ref>*{{cite book |first=Gary M. |last=Klass |title=Just Plain Data Analysis: Finding, Presenting, and Interpreting Social Science Data |year=2012 |edition=2nd |pages=52–53 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442215085 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8BXyVMjAFQC&pg=PA52 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522184645/https://books.google.com/books?id=G8BXyVMjAFQC&pg=PA52 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |first=Randol |last=Contreras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De58-G3w158C |title=The Stickup Kids, Race, Drugs, Violence, and the American Dream |publisher=University of California Press |year=2012 |page=110 |isbn=9780520953574 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107174330/https://books.google.com/books?id=De58-G3w158C |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani's campaign capitalized on the perception that crime was uncontrolled in the city following events such as the [[Crown Heights riot]] and the [[Family Red Apple boycott]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmo8oltzkhoC&pg=PA218 |first=John H. |last=Mollenkopf |title=A Phoenix in the Ashes: The Rise and Fall of the Koch Coalition in New York City Politics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |page=218 |isbn=9780691036731 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525110458/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmo8oltzkhoC&pg=PA218 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/31/nyregion/record-year-for-killings-jolts-officials-in-new-york.html |access-date=May 24, 2023 |title=Record Year for Killings Jolts Officials in New York |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 31, 1990 |last1=Lorch |first1=Donatella |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125163546/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/31/nyregion/record-year-for-killings-jolts-officials-in-new-york.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The year prior to the election, Giuliani was a key speaker at a [[Patrolmen's Benevolent Association Riot|Patrolmen's Benevolent Association rally]] opposing Dinkins, in which Giuliani blamed the police department's low morale on Dinkins' leadership. The rally quickly devolved into a riot, with nearly 4,000 off-duty police officers storming the [[New York City Hall|City Hall]] and blocking traffic on the [[Brooklyn Bridge]].<ref name="Nahmias-2021">{{cite magazine |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/the-forgotten-city-hall-riot.html |title=White Riot In 1992, thousands of furious, drunken cops descended on City Hall – and changed New York history |last1=Nahmias |first1=Laura |magazine=The New Yorker |date=October 4, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121223648/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/the-forgotten-city-hall-riot.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to approach a debate.<ref name="Seeley-2007" /><ref name="Marlin-2007" /> Dinkins was endorsed by ''The New York Times'' and ''[[Newsday]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mitchellmoss.com/oped/93-11-04-nynewsday.html |first=Mitchell |last=Moss |title=Why Dinkins Lost |work=Newsday |date=November 4, 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222170046/http://www.mitchellmoss.com/oped/93-11-04-nynewsday.html |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref> while Giuliani was endorsed by the ''[[New York Post]]'' and, in a key switch from 1989, the New York ''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Glaberson |access-date=May 24, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/business/the-media-business-in-an-endorsement-a-search-for-signals.html |title=In an Endorsement, a Search for Signals |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 1, 1993 |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903072146/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/business/the-media-business-in-an-endorsement-a-search-for-signals.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani went to visit the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], seeking his blessing and endorsement.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present |first=M. Avrum |last=Ehrlich |page=109 |publisher=KTAV Publishing |isbn=0-88125-836-9|year=2004 }}</ref>

On election day, Giuliani's campaign hired off-duty cops, firefighters, and corrections officers to [[scrutineer|monitor polling places]] in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and The Bronx for cases of [[Electoral fraud|voter fraud]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/nyregion/1993-campaign-polling-places-2-sides-seek-more-police-stymie-intimidation-fraud.html |title=The 1993 Campaign: Polling Places; 2 Sides Seek More Police to Stymie Intimidation and Fraud at Polls |last1=Dugger |first1=Celia W. |work=The New York Times |date=November 1, 1993 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121224200/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/01/nyregion/1993-campaign-polling-places-2-sides-seek-more-police-stymie-intimidation-fraud.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite objections from the Dinkins campaign, who said that the effort would intimidate Democratic voters, Police Commissioner [[Raymond Kelly|Ray Kelly]] assigned an additional 52 police captains and 3,500 officers to monitor the city's polling places.<ref name="Nahmias-2021"/>

Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes. He became the first Republican elected mayor of New York City since [[John Lindsay]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html |title=Elected Mayors of New York City |publisher=NYC.gov |access-date=October 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003808/http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> Similar to the election four years prior, Giuliani performed particularly well in the white ethnic neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/03/nyregion/1993-elections-mayor-giuliani-ousts-dinkins-thin-margin-whitman-upset-winner.html |title=The 1993 Elections: Mayor; Giuliani Ousts Dinkins by a Thin Margin; Whitman is an Upset Over Florio |last1=Purdum |first1=Todd S. |work=The New York Times |date=November 3, 1993 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125163033/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/03/nyregion/1993-elections-mayor-giuliani-ousts-dinkins-thin-margin-whitman-upset-winner.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani saw especially high returns in the borough of Staten Island, as a referendum to consider allowing the borough to secede from New York City was on the ballot.<ref name="Nahmias-2021"/>

=== 1997 ===
{{Main|1997 New York City mayoral election}}

Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough president [[Ruth Messinger]], who had beaten [[Al Sharpton]] in the September 9, 1997, Democratic primary.<ref name="Oppmann-2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/11/04/mayor/ |first=Justin |last=Oppmann |access-date=May 24, 2023 |title=Giuliani Wins With Ease |work=CNN |date=November 4, 2007 |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925234015/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/11/04/mayor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the general election, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party and not the Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 [[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute]] poll showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64 percent said things were better in the city compared to four years previously.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=808 |title=Giuliani Approval, Satisfaction With City Hit New Highs, Quinnipiac College Poll Finds; Mayor's Lead Over Messinger Nears 2–1 |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]] |date=October 29, 1997 |access-date=November 19, 2015 |archive-date=November 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120184337/https://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=808 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and large labor unions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987322,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050256/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987322,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |title=The Last of the Liberals |first=Peter |last=Beinart |author-link=Peter Beinart |date=November 10, 1997 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |magazine=Time}}</ref> The local daily newspapers{{snd}}''The New York Times'', ''[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]'', ''[[New York Post]]'' and ''[[Newsday]]''{{snd}}all endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.<ref>{{cite web |first=Norimitsu |last=Onishi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/27/nyregion/1997-elections-campaigning-giuliani-goes-after-voters-messinger-s-stronghold.html |title=Giuliani Goes After Voters In Messinger's Stronghold |work=The New York Times |date=October 27, 1997 |access-date=June 24, 2007 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102100033/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/27/nyregion/1997-elections-campaigning-giuliani-goes-after-voters-messinger-s-stronghold.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the end, Giuliani won 58% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, becoming the first registered Republican to win a second term as mayor while on the Republican line since [[Fiorello H. La Guardia]] in 1941.<ref name="Oppmann-2007" /> Voter turnout was the lowest in twelve years, with 38% of registered voters casting ballots.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Nagourney |author-link=Adam Nagourney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/05/nyregion/1997-elections-overview-giuliani-sweeps-second-term-mayor-whitman-holds-razor.html |title=The 1997 Elections: The Overview; Giuliani Sweeps To Second Term As Mayor; Whitman Holds On By A Razor-Thin Margin |work=The New York Times |date=November 5, 1997 |access-date=June 24, 2007 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811101438/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/05/nyregion/1997-elections-overview-giuliani-sweeps-second-term-mayor-whitman-holds-razor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The margin of victory included gains<ref name="Firestone-1997">{{cite news |first=David |last=Firestone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/06/nyregion/the-1997-elections-the-voters-big-victory-but-gains-for-mayor-are-modest.html |title=The 1997 Elections: The Voters; Big Victory, But Gains For Mayor Are Modest |work=The New York Times |date=November 6, 1997 |access-date=June 24, 2007 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121073125/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/06/nyregion/the-1997-elections-the-voters-big-victory-but-gains-for-mayor-are-modest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in his share of the [[African American]] vote (20% compared to 1993's 5%) and the [[Hispanic]] vote (43% from 37%) while maintaining his base of white ethnic and Catholic and Jewish voters from 1993.<ref name="Firestone-1997" />