Editing Rubiaceae (section)

====Subfamilies and tribes====
The classical classification system of Rubiaceae distinguished only two subfamilies: Cinchonoideae, characterized by more than one ovule in each [[locule]], and Coffeoideae, having one ovule in each locule.<ref name ="Hooker1873"/><ref name ="Schumann1891"/> This distinction, however, was criticized because of the distant position of two obviously related tribes, viz. Gardenieae with many ovules in Cinchonoideae and Ixoreae with one ovule in Coffeoideae, and because in species of ''[[Tarenna]]'' the number of ovules varies from one to several in each locule.<ref name ="Baillon1878"/><ref name ="Solereder1893"/> During the 20th century, other morphological characters were used to delineate subfamilies, e.g. stylar pollen presentation, [[raphide]]s, [[endosperm]], [[heterostyly]], etc.  On this basis, three<ref name ="Verdcourt1958"/> or eight<ref name ="Bremekamp1966"/> subfamilies were recognised. The last subfamilial classification solely based on morphological characters divided Rubiaceae into four subfamilies: Cinchonoideae, Ixoroideae, Antirheoideae, and Rubioideae.<ref name="Robbrecht1988"/> In general, problems of subfamilies delimitation in Rubiaceae based on morphological characters are linked with the extreme naturalness of the family, hence a relatively low divergence of its members.<ref name="Robbrecht1988"/>

The introduction of molecular phylogenetics in Rubiaceae research has corroborated or rejected several of the conclusions made in the pre-molecular era. There was support for the subfamilies Cinchonoideae, Ixoroideae, and Rubioideae, although differently circumscribed, and Antirheoideae was shown to be [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Bremer1995"/> For a long time, the classification with three subfamilies (Cinchonoideae, Ixoroideae, and Rubioideae) was followed.<ref name ="Bremer2009"/> However, an alternative opinion existed with only two subfamilies: an expanded Cinchonoideae (that includes Ixoroideae, Coptosapelteae, and Luculieae) and Rubioideae.<ref name="Robbrecht2006"/> Finally, more and more evidence pointed towards a two-family classification.<ref name ="RazaRydin2024"/> The adoption of the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|Melbourne Code]] for [[botanical nomenclature]] had an unexpected impact on many names that have been long in use and are well-established in literature. According to the Melbourne Code, the subfamilial name Ixoroideae had to be replaced by Dialypetalanthoideae.<ref name="Reveal2012"/> This means that the two subfamilies in Rubiaceae now are: Dialypetalanthoideae and Rubioideae.<ref name ="RazaRydin2024"/> The monogeneric tribes [[Coptosapelteae]], [[Acranthereae]], and [[Luculieae]] are not placed within a subfamily and are sister to the rest of Rubiaceae.<ref name ="Rydin2009"/><ref name ="RazaRydin2024"/> The following overview shows the latest classification of the family, with two subfamilies and 71 tribes.<ref name ="RazaRydin2024"/> The approximate number of species and genera are indicated between brackets (species/genera).

;Unplaced tribes (76/3)
* [[Acranthereae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex S.P.Darwin</small> (16/1)
* [[Coptosapelteae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex S.P.Darwin</small> (56/1)
* [[Luculieae]] <small>Rydin & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (4/1)

=====[[Rubioideae]]=====
Authority: [[Bernard Verdcourt|Verdc.]]; over 8000 spp.
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* [[Aitchisonieae]] <small>Bordbar, Razafim. & Mirtadz.</small> (1/1)
* [[Anthospermeae]] <small>[[Adelbert von Chamisso|Cham.]] & [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal|Schltdl.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (210/12)
* [[Argostemmateae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex [[Bernard Verdcourt|Verdc.]]</small> (251/6)
* [[Colletoecemateae]] <small>Rydin & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (3/1)
* [[Coussareeae]] <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (414/10)
* [[Craterispermeae]] <small>[[Bernard Verdcourt|Verdc.]]</small> (32/1)
* [[Cyanoneuroneae]] <small>Razafim. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (5/1)
* [[Danaideae]] <small>[[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]] & Manen</small> (67/3)
* [[Dunnieae]] <small>Rydin & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (1/1)
* [[Foonchewieae]] <small>R.J.Wang</small> (2/1)
* [[Gaertnereae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex S.P.Darwin</small> (116/2)
* [[Knoxieae]] <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (130/16)
* [[Lasiantheae]] <small>[[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]] & Manen</small> (291/4)
* [[Mitchelleae]] <small>Razafim. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]] & Manen</small> (16/2)
* [[Morindeae]] <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small> (163/5)
* [[Seychelleeae]] <small>Razafim., Kainul. & Rydin</small> (1/1)
* [[Ophiorrhizeae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex [[Bernard Verdcourt|Verdc.]]</small> (420/6)
* [[Paederieae]] <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (98/6)
* [[Palicoureeae]] <small>Robbr. & Manen</small> (1112/9)
* [[Perameae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex S.P.Darwin</small> (14/1)
* [[Prismatomerideae]] <small>Y.Z.Ruan</small> (27/2)
* [[Psychotrieae]] <small>[[Adelbert von Chamisso|Cham.]] & [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal|Schltdl.]]</small> (1819/1)
* [[Putorieae]] <small>[[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]]</small> (36/1)
* [[Rubieae]] <small>[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]</small> (969/14)
* [[Schizocoleeae]] <small>Rydin & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (2/1)
* [[Schradereae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small> (62/1)
* [[Spermacoceae]] <small>[[Adelbert von Chamisso|Cham.]] & [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal|Schltdl.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (1553/86)
* [[Temnopterygeae]] <small>Razafim. & Rydin</small> (1/1)
* [[Theligoneae]] <small>Wunderlich ex S.P.Darwin</small> (4/1)
* [[Urophylleae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex [[Bernard Verdcourt|Verdc.]]</small> (251/5)
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=====Dialypetalanthoideae=====
Authority: [[James L. Reveal|Reveal]]; almost 6000 spp.
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* [[Airospermeae]] <small>Kainul. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (7/2)
* [[Alberteae]] <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (9/3)
* [[Aleisanthieae]] <small>Mouly, J.Florence & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (10/3)
* [[Augusteae]] <small>Kainul. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (104/2)
* [[Bertiereae]] <small>[[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small> (57/1)
* [[Chiococceae]] <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]] & [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (239/32)
* [[Chioneae]] <small>Razafim. & Rydin</small> (27/2)
* [[Cinchoneae]] <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (125/8)
* [[Clavistigmateae]] <small>T.Y.Tu & P.W.Xie</small> (1/1)
* [[Coffeeae]] <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (311/12)
* [[Cordiereae]] <small>[[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] emend. Mouly</small> (123/12)
* [[Crossopterygeae]] <small>F.White ex [[Diane Mary Bridson|Bridson]]</small> (1/1)
* [[Dialypetalantheae]] <small>Reveal</small> (310/35)
* [[Gardenieae]] <small>[[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (655/64)
* [[Glionnetieae]] <small>Razafim. & Rydin</small> (1/1)
* [[Greeneeae]] <small>Mouly, J.Florence & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (9/1)
* [[Guettardeae]] <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (769/20)
* [[Hamelieae]] <small>[[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (181/13)
* [[Henriquezieae]] <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]] & [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (36/3)
* [[Hillieae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]] ex S.P.Darwin</small> (29/3)
* [[Hymenodictyeae]] <small>Razafim. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (32/2)
* [[Isertieae]] <small>[[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> (17/2)
* [[Ixoreae]] <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]] & [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (564/1)
* [[Jackieae]] <small>[[Pieter Willem Korthals|Korth.]]</small> (1/1)
* [[Mussaendeae]] <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (223/7)
* [[Naucleeae]] <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] ex [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small> (194/19)
* [[Octotropideae]] <small>[[Richard Henry Beddome|Bedd.]]</small> (139/33)
* [[Pavetteae]] <small>[[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] ex [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]</small> (652/20)
* [[Posoquerieae]] <small>Delprete</small> (23/2)
* [[Retiniphylleae]] <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> (21/1)
* [[Rondeletieae]] <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] ex [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small> (192/18)
* [[Sabiceeae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small> (169/4)
* [[Scyphiphoreae]] <small>Kainul. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (1/1)
* [[Sherbournieae]] <small>Mouly & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (57/4)
* [[Sipaneeae]] <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small> (43/10)
* [[Steenisieae]] <small>Kainul. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (5/1)
* [[Strumpfieae]] <small>Delprete & T.J.Motley</small> (1/1)
* [[Trailliaedoxeae]] <small>Kainul. & [[Birgitta Bremer|B.Bremer]]</small> (1/1)
* [[Vanguerieae]] <small>[[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] ex [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]</small> (650/29)
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