Editing Ronald Fisher (section)

==Views on race==
Between 1950 and 1951, Fisher, along with other leading geneticists and anthropologists of his time, was asked to comment on a statement that [[UNESCO]] was preparing on the nature of race and racial differences, which was published in 1950 as the UNESCO ''[[UNESCO statements on race#Statement on the nature of race and race differences (1951)|Statement on Race]]''. The statement, along with the comments and criticisms of a large number of scientists including Fisher, is published in "The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry" (1952).<ref name=UNESCO1952>{{cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000733/073351eo.pdf |title=The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry |publisher=UNESCO |year=1952}}</ref>

Fisher was one of four scientists who opposed the statement. In his own words, Fisher's opposition is based on "one fundamental objection to the Statement", which "destroys the very spirit of the whole document." He believes that human groups differ profoundly "in their innate capacity for intellectual and emotional development" and concludes from this that the "practical international problem is that of learning to share the resources of this planet amicably with persons of materially different nature, and that this problem is being obscured by entirely well-intentioned efforts to minimize the real differences that exist."<ref>{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Copeman |year=2008 |title=God's First Fisherman |location=Cape Town |page=124 |isbn=978-3634000714}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=Evans |date=29 August 2019 |title=Skin Deep: Journeys in the Divisive Science of Race |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1786076236}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Mona Sue |last=Weissmark |date=1 May 2020 |title=The Science of Diversity |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=24 |isbn=978-0190686369}}</ref>

Fisher's opinions are clarified by his more detailed comments on Section 5 of the statement, which are concerned with psychological and mental differences between the races. Section 5 concludes as follows:

{{blockquote|Scientifically, however, we realized that any common psychological attribute is more likely to be due to a common historical and social background, and that such attributes may obscure the fact that, within different populations consisting of many human types, one will find approximately the same range of temperament and intelligence.<ref name= UNESCO1952/>{{rp|14}}}}

Of the entire statement, Section 5 recorded the most dissenting viewpoints.  It was recorded that "Fisher's attitude … is the same as [[Hermann Joseph Muller|Muller]]'s and [[Alfred Sturtevant|Sturtevant]]'s".<ref name= UNESCO1952/>{{rp|56}} Muller's criticism was recorded in more detail and was noted to "represent an important trend of ideas":

{{blockquote|I quite agree with the chief intention of the article as a whole, which, I take it, is to bring out the relative unimportance of such genetic mental differences between races as may exist, in contrast to the importance of the mental differences (between individuals as well as between nations) caused by tradition, training and other aspects of the environment.  However, in view of the admitted existence of some physically expressed hereditary differences of a conspicuous nature, between the averages or the medians of the races, it would be strange if there were not also some hereditary differences affecting the mental characteristics which develop in a given environment, between these averages or medians.  At the same time, these mental differences might usually be unimportant in comparison with those between individuals of the same race…. To the great majority of geneticists it seems absurd to suppose that psychological characteristics are subject to entirely different laws of heredity or development than other biological characteristics. Even though the former characteristics are far more influenced than the latter by environment, in the form of past experiences, they must have a highly complex genetic basis.<ref name= UNESCO1952/>{{rp|52}}}}

Fisher's own words were quoted as follows:

{{blockquote|As you ask for remarks and suggestions, there is one that occurs to me, unfortunately of a somewhat fundamental nature, namely that the Statement as it stands appears to draw a distinction between the body and mind of men, which must, I think, prove untenable.  It appears to me unmistakable that gene differences which influence the growth or physiological development of an organism will ordinarily [[pari passu]] influence the congenital inclinations and capacities of the mind.  In fact, I should say that, to vary conclusion (2) on page 5, 'Available scientific knowledge provides a firm basis for believing that the groups of mankind differ in their innate capacity for intellectual and emotional development,' seeing that such groups do differ undoubtedly in a very large number of their genes.<ref name= UNESCO1952/>{{rp|56}}}}
Fisher also ended a 1954 letter to [[Reginald Ruggles Gates]], a Canadian-born geneticist who argued that different racial groups were different species, with the words:
{{Blockquote|text=I am sorry that there should be propaganda in favour of [[miscegenation]] in North America as I am sure it can do nothing but harm. Is it beyond human endeavour to give and justly administer equal rights to all citizens without fooling ourselves that these are equivalent items?<ref name="bodmer21">{{cite journal|last1=Bodmer|first1=Walter|last2=et.|first2=al.|date=2021|title=The outstanding scientist, R.A. Fisher: his views on eugenics and race|journal=Heredity|volume=126|issue=4|pages=565–576|doi=10.1038/s41437-020-00394-6|pmid=33452466|pmc=8115641|bibcode=2021Hered.126..565B }}</ref>}}

Fisher's writings nearly all discuss human populations or humanity as a whole without reference to race or specific racial groups, and none of his work explicitly supports the idea of racial superiority or white supremacy.<ref name="bodmer21" /> Fisher had a close personal relationship with Indian statistician [[P.C. Mahalanobis]], and significantly contributed to the development of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]]; and Fisher's graduate students included [[Walter Bodmer]], a child of Jewish-German parents who fled from Nazi Germany while he was young, and [[Ebenezer Laing]], an African geneticist from Ghana.<ref name="bodmer21" /> [[Daniel Kevles]], an American [[historian of science]], described Fisher as an "anti-racist conservative".<ref name="bodmer21" /> However, British historian Richard J. Evans, writing in ''[[The New Statesman & Nation|The New Statesman]]'', argued that Fisher's views on eugenics and his opposition to UNESCO's statement about genetic racial differences were indicative of racism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |date=2020-07-28 |title=RA Fisher and the science of hatred |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2020/07/ra-fisher-and-science-hatred |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>