Editing Romani people (section)

== South Asian origin ==
{{Main|History of the Romani people}}
Genetic findings reveal a [[South Asia|South Asian]] origin of the Romani people, likely in the regions of present-day [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Melegh |first1=Bela I. |last2=Banfai |first2=Zsolt |last3=Hadzsiev |first3=Kinga |last4=Miseta |first4=Attila |last5=Melegh |first5=Bela |date=2017-08-31 |title=Refining the South Asian Origin of the Romani people |journal=BMC Genetics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=82 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0547-x |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5580230 |pmid=28859608}}</ref><ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Current Biology}}.</ref> Because Romani groups did not keep chronicles of their history or have oral accounts of it, most hypotheses about early Romani migration are based on linguistic theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/hist/origin/origin.en.xml |title=Origin of Roma |first=Milena |last=Hübschmannová |year=2002 |website=RomBase |publisher=Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162014/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fhist%2Forigin%2Forigin.en.xml}}</ref>

=== ''Shahnameh'' legend ===
According to a legend reported in the [[Persian language|Persian]] epic poem, the ''[[Shahnameh]]'', the [[Sasanian]] king [[Bahram V|Bahrām V Gōr]] learned towards the end of his reign (421–439) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and so he asked the king of India to send him ten thousand ''[[Lori people|luris]]'', lute-playing experts. When the ''luris'' arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox, a donkey, and a donkey-load of wheat so they could live on agriculture and play music for free for the poor. However, the ''luris'' ate the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks hollowed by hunger. The king, angered with their having wasted what he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags and go wandering around the world on their donkeys.<ref name="GYPSY i">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Digard |first=Jean-Pierre |title=GYPSY i. Gypies of Persia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=22 July 2013 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i}}</ref>

=== Linguistic evidence ===
Linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a large part of the basic lexicon.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation |last1=Šebková |first1=Hana |last2=Žlnayová |first2=Edita |year=1998 |url=http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |title=Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) |place=Ústí nad Labem |publisher=Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem |page=4 |isbn=978-80-7044-205-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Romani and [[Domari]] share some similarities: [[agglutination]] of postpositions of the second layer (or [[case marking|case-marking]] clitics) to the nominal stem, concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=48}} This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be a "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent—but later research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate branches within the [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|central zone]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom, therefore, likely descend from two migration waves from India separated by several centuries.<ref name="Domari">{{cite web |title=What is Domari? |publisher=University of Manchester. Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/atmanchester/projects/domari.shtml |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410044633/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/atmanchester/projects/domari.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ROMANI_ORIGINS>{{cite web |title=On romani origins and identity |url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |publisher=Radoc |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140132/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

In [[phonology]], the Romani language shares several isoglosses with the Central branch of Indo-Aryan languages, especially in the realization of some sounds of the Old Indo-Aryan. However, it also preserves several dental clusters. In regards to verb morphology, Romani follows exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers, lending credence to the theory of their Central Indian origin and a subsequent migration to northwestern India. Though the retention of dental clusters suggests a break from central languages during the transition from Old to Middle Indo-Aryan, the overall morphology suggests that the language participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of [[Indo-Aryan languages#New Indo-Aryan|New Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref name=Elsevier />
{{Rom-Dom numerals}}

=== Genetic evidence ===

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Roma originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html |title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma |website=Live Science |date=23 October 2013}}</ref> According to the study, the ancestors of present [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste and scheduled tribe]] populations of [[northern India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the [[Ḍoma]], are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=N Rai |author2=G Chaubey |author3=R Tamang |author4=A K Pathak |author5=V K Singh |year=2012 |title=The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |number=11 |page=e48477 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 |display-authors=etal |pmid=23209554 |pmc=3509117 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748477R |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In December 2012, additional findings appeared to confirm that the "Roma came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago".<ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/492156c |title=Romani have Indian ancestry |journal=Nature |year=2012 |volume=492 |issue=7428 |page=156 |s2cid=256746341 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/25294-origin-romani-people.html |title=Origin of the Romani People Pinned Down |website=[[Live Science]] |date=6 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmc=6779411 |year=2019 |last1=Font-Porterias |first1=N. |last2=Arauna |first2=L. R. |last3=Poveda |first3=A. |last4=Bianco |first4=E. |last5=Rebato |first5=E. |last6=Prata |first6=M. J. |last7=Calafell |first7=F. |last8=Comas |first8=D. |title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e1008417 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417 |pmid=31545809 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to the study, they reached the Balkans about 900 years ago<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /> and then spread throughout Europe. The team also found that the Roma displayed genetic isolation, as well as "differential gene flow in time and space with non-Romani Europeans".<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" />

Genetic research published in the ''[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]'' "has revealed that over 70% of males belong to a single lineage that appears unique to the Roma".<ref name="auto1">{{Citation |first1=Luba |last1=Kalaydjieva |first2=Francesc |last2=Calafell |first3=Mark A |last3=Jobling |first4=Dora |last4=Angelicheva |first5=Peter |last5=de Knijff |first6=Zoe H |last6=Rosser |first7=Matthew |last7=Hurles |first8=Peter |last8=Underhill |first9=Ivailo |last9=Tournev |first10=Elena |last10=Marushiakova |first11=Vesselin |last11=Popov |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |url=http://genetics.stanford.edu/hpgl/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209205422/http://genetics.stanford.edu/hpgl/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2014 |year=2011 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid=21432405 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Genetic evidence supports the [[medieval]] migration from India. The Roma have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001"/> while a number of common [[List of Mendelian traits in humans|Mendelian]] disorders among Roma from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and [[founder effect]]".<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001"/> A 2020 whole-genome study confirmed the northwest Indian origins, and also confirmed substantial Balkan and Middle Eastern ancestry amongst Roma in [[Central and Eastern Europe]]. The study also included a sample of Roma from Spain and Lithuania, which revealed significantly higher levels of European ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bianco |first1=Erica |last2=Laval |first2=Guillaume |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=García-Fernández |first4=Carla |last5=Dobon |first5=Begoña |last6=Sabido-Vera |first6=Rubén |last7=Sukarova Stefanovska |first7=Emilija |last8=Kučinskas |first8=Vaidutis |last9=Makukh |first9=Halyna |last10=Pamjav |first10=Horolma |last11=Quintana-Murci |first11=Lluis |last12=Netea |first12=Mihai G. |last13=Bertranpetit |first13=Jaume |last14=Calafell |first14=Francesc |last15=Comas |first15=David |year=2020 |title=Recent Common Origin, Reduced Population Size, and Marked Admixture Have Shaped European Roma Genomes |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=3175–3187 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa156 |pmid=32589725 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=2066/229486}}</ref>

A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".<ref name="David_Gresham">{{Cite journal |last1=Gresham |first1=D |last2=Morar |first2=B |last3=Underhill |first3=PA |last4=Passarino |first4=G |last5=Lin |first5=AA |last6=Wise |first6=C |last7=Angelicheva |first7=D |last8=Calafell |first8=F |last9=Oefner |first9=PJ |title=Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1314–31 |year=2001 |pmid=11704928 |pmc=1235543 |doi=10.1086/324681 |last10 = Shen|first10 = Peidong |last11=Tournev |first11=Ivailo |last12=De Pablo |first12=Rosario |last13=Kuĉinskas |first13=Vaidutis |last14=Perez-Lezaun |first14=Anna |last15=Marushiakova |first15=Elena |last16=Popov |first16=Vesselin |last17=Kalaydjieva |first17=Luba}}</ref> The same study found that "a single lineage... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males".<ref name="David_Gresham" /> A 2004 study of Roma in Central and Eastern Europe and Spain by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".<ref name="Morar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Morar |first1=Bharti |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Angelicheva |first3=Dora |last4=Tournev |first4=Ivailo |last5=Gooding |first5=Rebecca |last6=Guergueltcheva |first6=Velina |last7=Schmidt |first7=Carolin |last8=Abicht |first8=Angela |last9=Lochmüller |first9=Hanns |last10=Tordai |first10=Attila |last11=Kalmár |first11=Lajos |last12=Nagy |first12=Melinda |last13=Karcagi |first13=Veronika |last14=Jeanpierre |first14=Marc |last15=Herczegfalvi |first15=Agnes |last16=Beeson |first16=David |last17=Venkataraman |first17=Viswanathan |last18=Warwick Carter |first18=Kim |last19=Reeve |first19=Jeff |last20=de Pablo |first20=Rosario |last21=Kučinskas |first21=Vaidutis |last22=Kalaydjieva |first22=Luba |title=Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=October 2004 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=596–609 |doi=10.1086/424759 |pmid=15322984 |pmc=1182047}}</ref>

Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the [[Balkan Romani]] group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.<ref name="Pericic2005"/> [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] is uncommon in Europe but present in the Indian subcontinent and [[Sri Lanka]].

A study of 444 people representing three ethnic groups in North Macedonia found mtDNA haplogroups M5a1 and H7a1a were dominant in Romanies (13.7% and 10.3%, respectively).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mitochondrial DNA control region analysis of three ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia |journal=Forensic Science International. Genetics |date=16 June 2016 |pmc=4234079 |pmid=25051224 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.013 |volume=13 |pages=1–2 |last1=Jankova-Ajanovska |first1=R |last2=Zimmermann |first2=B |last3=Huber |first3=G |last4=Röck |first4=AW |last5=Bodner |first5=M |last6=Jakovski |first6=Z |last7=Janeska |first7=B |last8=Duma |first8=A |last9=Parson |first9=W}}</ref>

Y-DNA composition of [[Muslim Roma]] from [[Šuto Orizari Municipality]] in [[North Macedonia]], based on 57 samples:<ref name="Pericic2005">{{cite journal |last1=Peričić |first1=Marijana |last2=Lauc |first2=Lovorka Barać |last3=Klarić |first3=Irena Martinović |last4=Rootsi |first4=Siiri |last5=Janićijević |first5=Branka |last6=Rudan |first6=Igor |last7=Terzić |first7=Rifet |last8=Čolak |first8=Ivanka |last9=Kvesić |first9=Ante |last10=Popović |first10=Dan |last11=Šijački |first11=Ana |last12=Behluli |first12=Ibrahim |last13=Đorđević |first13=Dobrivoje |last14=Efremovska |first14=Ljudmila |last15=Bajec |first15=Đorđe D. |last16=Stefanović |first16=Branislav D. |last17=Villems |first17=Richard |last18=Rudan |first18=Pavao |title=High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=October 2005 |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1964–1975 |pmid=15944443 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] – 59.6%
* [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E]] – 29.8%
* [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I]] – 5.3%
* [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R]] – 3.%, of which the half are [[R1b]] and many are [[R1a]]
* [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup G]] – 1.8%
[[File:Bihari Sándor Bíró előtt.jpg|thumb|A [[Romani people in Hungary|Rom]] makes a complaint to a local magistrate in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], by [[Sándor Bihari]], 1886]]

Y-DNA Haplogroup H1a occurs in Roma at frequencies 7–70%. Unlike ethnic Hungarians, among Hungarian and Slovakian Roma subpopulations [[Haplogroup E-V68|Haplogroup E-M78]] and [[Haplogroup I1|I1]] usually occur above 10% and sometimes over 20%, while among Slovakian and [[Tiszavasvari]] Roma, the dominant haplogroup is H1a; among [[Tokaj]] Roma it is [[Haplogroup J2]]a (23%); and among [[Taktaharkány]] Roma, it is [[Haplogroup I2a]] (21%).<ref name="s009.radikal.ru">{{cite web |url=http://s009.radikal.ru/i308/1411/9e/fcf1cc38d1fa.png |format=PDF |title=Y chromosonal haplogroup distributionanddiversities in seven populations investigated |website=S009.radikal.ru |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926061221/http://s009.radikal.ru/i308/1411/9e/fcf1cc38d1fa.png}}</ref>

Five rather consistent founder lineages throughout the subpopulations were found among Roma – J-M67 and J-M92 (J2), H-M52 (H1a1), and I-P259 (I1). Haplogroup I-P259 as H is not found at frequencies of over 3% among host populations, while haplogroups E and I are absent in south Asia. The lineages E-V13, I-P37 (I2a) and R-M17 (R1a) may represent gene flow from the host populations. Bulgarian, Romanian and Greek Roma are dominated by Haplogroup H-M82 (H1a1), while among Spanish Roma J2 is prevalent.<ref name="roman">{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Mendizabal |first2=Isabel |last3=Harmant |first3=Christine |last4=de Pablo |first4=Rosario |last5=Ioana |first5=Mihai |last6=Angelicheva |first6=Dora |last7=Kouvatsi |first7=Anastasia |last8=Makukh |first8=Halyna |last9=Netea |first9=Mihai G |last10=Pamjav |first10=Horolma |last11=Zalán |first11=Andrea |last12=Tournev |first12=Ivailo |last13=Marushiakova |first13=Elena |last14=Popov |first14=Vesselin |last15=Bertranpetit |first15=Jaume |last16=Kalaydjieva |first16=Luba |last17=Quintana-Murci |first17=Lluis |last18=Comas |first18=David |title=Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=June 2016 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=937–943 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.201 |pmid=26374132 |pmc=4867443}}</ref> In [[Serbia]] among [[Kosovo]] and [[Belgrade]] Roma Haplogroup H prevails, while among [[Vojvodina]] Roma, H drops to 7 percent and E-V13 rises to a prevailing level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regueiro |first1=Maria |last2=Stanojevic |first2=Aleksandar |last3=Chennakrishnaiah |first3=Shilpa |last4=Rivera |first4=Luis |last5=Varljen |first5=Tatjana |last6=Alempijevic |first6=Djordje |last7=Stojkovic |first7=Oliver |last8=Simms |first8=Tanya |last9=Gayden |first9=Tenzin |last10=Herrera |first10=Rene J. |title=Divergent patrilineal signals in three Roma populations |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=January 2011 |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=80–91 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21372 |pmid=20878647}}</ref>

Among non-Roma Europeans, Haplogroup H is extremely rare, peaking at 7% among [[Albanians]] from [[Tirana]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=E. |last2=Calafell |first2=F. |last3=Gonzalez-Neira |first3=A. |last4=Flaiz |first4=C. |last5=Mateu |first5=E. |last6=Scheil |first6=H.-G. |last7=Huckenbeck |first7=W. |last8=Efremovska |first8=L. |last9=Mikerezi |first9=I. |last10=Xirotiris |first10=N. |last11=Grasa |first11=C. |last12=Schmidt |first12=H. |last13=Comas |first13=D. |title=Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=July 2006 |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=459–487 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x |pmid=16759179 |s2cid=23156886}}</ref> and 11% among [[Bulgarian Turks#Genetic origins|Bulgarian Turks]]. It occurs at 5% among [[Hungarians]],<ref name="s009.radikal.ru" /> although the carriers might be of Romani origin.<ref name="roman" /> Among non-Roma-speaking Europeans, it occurs at 2% among [[Slovaks]],<ref name="Petrejcíková et al 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Petrejcíková |first1=Eva |last2=Soták |first2=Miroslav |last3=Bernasovská |first3=Jarmila |last4=Bernasovský |first4=Ivan |last5=Sovicová |first5=Adriana |last6=Bôziková |first6=Alexandra |last7=Boronová |first7=Iveta |last8=Gabriková |first8=Dana |last9=Švícková |first9=Petra |last10=Maceková |first10=Sona |last11=Cverhová |first11=Valéria |title=The genetic structure of the Slovak population revealed by Y-chromosome polymorphisms |journal=Anthropological Science |date=2010 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=23–30 |doi=10.1537/ase.090203 |s2cid=83899895 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 2% among [[Croats]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.draganprimorac.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Croatian-national-reference-Y-STR-haplotype-database_.-Molecular-biology-reports-2012.pdf |title=Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database |website=Draganprimorac.com |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> 1% among Macedonians from Skopje, 3% among [[Macedonian Albanians]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjmg.edu.mk/UploadedImages/pdf/11-18.pdf |title=Y Chromosome Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Typing by SNaPshot Minisequencing |website=Bjmg.edu.mk |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> 1% among [[Serbs]] from [[Belgrade]],<ref name="Pericic2005" /> 3% among Bulgarians from Sofia,<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3590186 |pmid=23483890 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056779 |volume=8 |issue=3 |title=Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry |year=2013 |journal=PLOS ONE |pages=e56779 |last1=Karachanak |first1=S |last2=Grugni |first2=V |last3=Fornarino |first3=S |last4=Nesheva |first4=D |last5=Al-Zahery |first5=N |last6=Battaglia |first6=V |last7=Carossa |first7=V |last8=Yordanov |first8=Y |last9=Torroni |first9=A | last10 = Galabov | first10 = AS |last11=Toncheva |first11=D |last12=Semino |first12=O |bibcode=2013PLoSO...856779K |doi-access=free}}</ref> 1% among Austrians and Swiss,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/germany_austria_switzerland_dna_project.shtml |title=Participate to the DNA ancestry project for Germany, Austria and Switzerland |website=Eupedia.com |date=10 January 2014 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> 3% among Romanians from [[Ploiești]], and 1% among [[Turkish people|Turks]].<ref name="Petrejcíková et al 2010" />

The Ottoman occupation of the Balkans also left a significant genetic mark on the Y-DNA of the Roma there, creating a higher frequency of Haplogroups J and E3b in Romani populations from the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bánfai |first1=Zsolt |last2=Melegh |first2=Béla I. |last3=Sümegi |first3=Katalin |last4=Hadzsiev |first4=Kinga |last5=Miseta |first5=Attila |last6=Kásler |first6=Miklós |last7=Melegh |first7=Béla |title=Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=13 June 2019 |volume=10 |page=558 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 |pmid=31263480 |pmc=6585392 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Full genome analysis ====
{{See also|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}}
[[File:Haplogroup H map.png|thumb|The most common paternal haplogroup among Roma is the South Asian Y-chromosome H, most commonly found among [[Dravidian peoples]].<ref name="Pericic2005"/>]]
A full genome autosomal DNA study on 186 Roma samples from southeastern, northeastern and southwestern Europe in 2019 found that modern Romani people in these areas are characterized by a common [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|south Asian]] origin and a complex admixture from Middle Eastern, [[Caucasus]], [[Balkan]] and wider European-derived ancestries. Earlier admixture dates amongst Roma in the Balkans supports that they migrated into Europe via the Balkans. The autosomal genetic data links the proto-Roma to groups in northwest India (specifically [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] samples), as well as, [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian-speaking]] groups in [[South India|southeastern India]] (specifically [[Irula people|Irula]]). The paternal lineages of Roma are most common in southern and central India among Dravidian-speaking populations. The authors argue that this may point to a [[founder effect]] among the early Roma during their ethnogenesis or shortly after they migrated out of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, they theorized of a possible low-[[Caste system in India|caste]] ([[Dalit]]) origin for the Proto-Roma, since they were genetically closer to the Punjabi cluster that lacks a common marker characteristic of high castes, which is West Euroasian admixing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Font-Porterias |first1=Neus |last2=Arauna |first2=Lara R. |last3=Poveda |first3=Alaitz |last4=Bianco |first4=Erica |last5=Rebato |first5=Esther |last6=Prata |first6=Maria Joao |last7=Calafell |first7=Francesc |last8=Comas |first8=David |date=2019-09-23 |title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e1008417 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=6779411 |pmid=31545809 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 

=== Possible migration route ===
[[File:Movimiento gitano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|The migration of the Roma through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe]]
The Roma may have emerged from what is the modern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], migrating to the northwest (the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]) around 250 BCE.{{sfn|Marinov|2019}} Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred beginning in about 500 CE.<ref name="Comas" />
It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken place in the context of the raids by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press">{{cite book |title=The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |first2=Siobhan |last2=Dowd |first3=Rajko |last3=Djurić |year=2004 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |location=Hatfield, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-900458-90-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref> The author [[Ralph Lilley Turner]] theorised a central Indian origin of Romani followed by a migration to northwest India as it shares a number of ancient [[isogloss]]es with [[central Indo-Aryan languages]] in relation to realization of some sounds of [[Old Indo-Aryan]]. This is lent further credence by its sharing exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] through the adoption of [[Oblique case|oblique]] [[clitic|enclitic]] pronouns as person markers. The overall morphology suggests that Romani participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of [[Indo-Aryan languages#New Indo-Aryan|New Indo-Aryan languages]], thus indicating that the proto-Roma did not leave the Indian subcontinent until late in the second half of the first millennium.<ref name=Elsevier>{{cite web |title=Romani |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |website=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics |publisher=Oxford: Elsevier |access-date=30 August 2009 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Another Darkness Another Dawn |last=Taylor |first=Becky |publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd. |year=2014 |location=London UK |pages=22 |isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}</ref>

The first Romani people are believed to have arrived in Europe via the [[Balkans]] in the 13th or 14th century. Romani people began migrating to other parts of the continent during the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Migrations of the Romani People |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=The National Geographic Society}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Arienne |date=2023 |title=Romani Migration in the Middle Ages |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16922/map-of-romani-migration-in-the-middle-ages/ |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, then [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]], [[Sushma Swaraj]] stated that the people of the Romani community were children of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.india.com/news/india/romas-are-indias-children-sushma-swaraj-943499/7/ |title=Romas are India's children: Sushma Swaraj |publisher=India.com |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> The conference ended with a recommendation to the [[government of India]] to recognize the Romani community spread across 30 countries as a part of the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web |title=Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora? |publisher=khaleejtimes.com |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>