Editing Romani Holocaust (section)

== Persecution in other Axis and occupied countries ==
The governments of some Nazi German allies, namely Slovakia, Finland, [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]], [[Vichy France]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], also contributed to the Nazi plan to exterminate the Romani, but most of the Romani who resided in these countries survived, unlike those Romani who resided in [[Independent State of Croatia|Ustaše Croatia]] or those Romani who resided in areas which were directly ruled by Nazi Germany (such as occupied Poland). The Hungarian [[Arrow Cross Party|Arrow Cross]] government deported between 28,000 and 33,000 Romani out of a population that was estimated to be between 70,000 and 100,000.<ref name="Crowe">{{cite book |last=Crowe |first=David M. |year=2000 |chapter=The Roma Holocaust |editor-last1=Schwartz |editor-first1=Bernard |editor-last2=DeCoste |editor-first2=Frederick Charles |title=The Holocaust's ghost: writings on art, politics, law and education |location=Edmonton |publisher=[[University of Alberta Press]] |pages=178–210 |isbn=978-0-88864-337-7}}</ref>

===Independent State of Croatia===
The Romani people were also persecuted by the puppet regimes that cooperated with the Third Reich during the war, especially by the notorious [[Ustaše]] regime in the Independent State of Croatia. Tens of thousands of Romani people were killed in the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], along with [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Serbs]], [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Jews]], [[Bosniaks]] and [[Croats]]. [[Yad Vashem]] estimates that the Porajmos was most intense in [[Yugoslavia]], where around 90,000 Romani were killed.<ref name="www1.yadvashem.org" /> The Ustaše government virtually annihilated the country's Romani population, killing an estimated 25,000 and also deporting around 26,000.<ref name="USHMM_2" />

In May 1942, an Ustaše order was issued, according to it, the deportation of [[Muslim Roma]] who were residing in Bosnia and Herzegovina should stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/voices-of-the-victims/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina |website=RomArchive }}</ref>

On April 24, 1945, Ustaše soldiers brutally murdered between 43 and 47 Sinti and Roma members of a traveling circus named "Braća Winter" as they temporarily settled in Kraj Donji on their way to Slovenia. The atrocity is known as the Hrastina Massacre and is perhaps the last mass murder of Sinti and Roma in Europe during World War II. In 1977, a statue was erected in the local cemetery, Marija Gorica, to honor the victims.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Šimunkovića |first1=Mario |title=MASAKR NAD ROMIMA I SINTIMA U HRASTINI 1945. GODINE: zločini luburićevaca u zaprešićkom kraju |date=2021 |publisher=JAVNA USTANOVA SPOMEN PODRUČJE-JASENOVAC}}</ref>

===Serbia===
In the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]], the German occupiers and the [[Government of National Salvation| Serbian collaborationist]] puppet government killed thousands of Romani in the [[Banjica concentration camp]], [[Crveni Krst concentration camp]] and [[Topovske Šupe concentration camp]] along with Jews.<ref name="Glenny502">Misha Glenny. ''The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999''. Page 502: "The Nazis were assisted by several thousand ethnic Germans as well as by supporters of Dijmitrje Ljotic's Yugoslav fascist movement, Zbor, and General Milan Nedic's quisling administration. But the main Eengine of extermination was the regular army. The destruction of the [[History of the Jews in Serbia|Serbian Jews]] gives the lie to ''Wehrmacht'' claims that it took no part in the genocidal programmes of the Nazis. Indeed, General Bohme and his men in German-occupied Serbia planned and carried out the murder of over 20,000 Jews and Gypsies without any prompting from Berlin".</ref> In August 1942, [[Harald Turner]] reported to his superiors that "Serbia is the only country in which the Jewish question and the Gypsy question have been solved."<ref>{{cite book|author-link1=Alex J. Kay |author-first1=Alex J. |author-last1=Kay |author-link2=David Stahel |author-first2=David |author-last2=Stahel |title=Mass Violence In Nazi-Occupied Europe |pages=84 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |date=2018 |isbn=978-0253036834}}</ref>

Serbian Romani were parties to the unsuccessful [[Alperin v. Vatican Bank|class action suit against the Vatican Bank and others]] in the U.S. federal court in which they sought the return of wartime loot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vatican Bank Claims |website=Easton & Levy |url=http://www.vaticanbankclaims.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000706232811/http://www.vaticanbankclaims.com/home.html |archive-date=6 July 2000 |access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

===Romania===
The Romanian government of [[Ion Antonescu]] did not systematically annihilate Roma who resided on its territory. Some resident Roma [[Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria|were deported]] to [[Transnistria Governorate|occupied Transnistria]].<ref name=USHMM_2 /> Of the estimated 25,000 Romani inmates of these camps, around 11,000 (44%, or almost half) died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Romania/eight.pdf |title=The Deportation of the Roma and their Treatment in Transnistria |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

===Italy===
In Fascist Italy, as well as in Slovenia and Montenegro, territories which were under Italian occupation, the majority of the Roma were forcibly rounded up and incarcerated in concentration camps, but generally, they were relatively well treated, especially in contrast to the Roma who resided in the [[German-occupied Europe|parts of Europe which were occupied by Nazi Germany]]. Many of them were deported to Sardinia, with much of them being given Italian identity cards that put them out of reach of extermination by the Nazis and the Ustaše. As a result, the vast majority of the Roma who resided in Italy and its occupied territories managed to survive the war.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reinhartz |first1=Dennis |year=1999 |title=Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623529908413936 |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1080/14623529908413936 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

===Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia===
In the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]], Romani internees were sent to the [[Concentration camps Lety and Hodonín|Lety and Hodonín concentration camps]] before they were transferred to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]] for mass murder – by poison gas. What makes the Lety camp unique is the fact that it was staffed by Czech guards, who could be even more brutal than the Germans, as testified to in Paul Polansky's book ''Black Silence''. The genocide was so thorough, that the vast majority of Romani who currently reside in the [[Czech Republic]] are actually the descendants of migrants who moved from Slovakia to what was then [[Czechoslovakia]] and would become the Czech Republic during the post-war years.

===France ===
Between 16,000 and 18,000 Romani from [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi-occupied France]] were killed in German camps.<ref name="www1.yadvashem.org" />

===Denmark===
The small Romani population in Denmark was not subjected to mass killings by the Nazi occupiers; instead, it was simply classified as "asocial". Angus Fraser attributes this to "doubts over ethnic demarcations within the travelling population".{{sfn|Fraser|1992|p=267}}

===Greece===
The [[Romani people in Greece|Romanis of Greece]] were taken hostage and prepared for deportation to Auschwitz, but they were saved by appeals from the Archbishop of Athens and the Greek Prime Minister.{{sfn|Fraser|1992|p=268}}

===Norway===
In 1934, 68 Romani, most of them Norwegian citizens, were denied entry into Norway, and they were also denied transit through Sweden and Denmark when they wanted to leave Germany. In the winter of 1943–1944, 66 members of the Josef, Karoli, and Modis families were interned in Belgium and deported to the gypsy department in Auschwitz. Only four members of this group survived.<ref>''[[Dag og Tid]]'', 20 February 2015, p. 16.</ref><ref name="Hjeltnes">[[Guri Hjeltnes]]: [http://www.dagbladet.no/2015/02/13/kultur/pluss/historisk/historie/romfolk/37693444/ Den norske stat betalte Nazi-Tyskland for å transportere vekk norske rom], ''[[Dagbladet]]'', 13 February 2015.</ref>

===Crimea===
In [[Crimea]], the Muslim Roma were protected by the Crimean Tatars from assassination. However, it later served Stalin to deport the [[Crimean Roma|Crimean Muslim Romani]] along with the Crimean Tatars to Siberia, since they were registered as Tatars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=Crimean Gypsies |url=https://riowang.com/2014/06/crimean-gypsies.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113002649/https://riowang.com/2014/06/crimean-gypsies.html |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date= |website=riowang.com}}</ref>

=== Estimated number of victims ===
The following figures are from ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'' and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's online encyclopedia of the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |last=Niewyk |first=Donald L. |year=2000 |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew/page/422 422] |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-11200-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew/page/422}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=European Romani (Gypsy) Population |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=10005219&MediaId=359 |website=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
!Country
!Roma population, 1939
!Number of Victims at least killed
!Estimate by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
|-
|Albania
|20,000
|?
|?
|-
|Austria
|11,200
|6,800
|8,250
|-
|Belgium
|600
|350
|500
|-
|Bulgaria
|80,000
|0
|0
|-
|Czech Republic ([[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]])
|13,000
|5,000
|6,500
|-
|Estonia
|1,000
|500
|1,000
|-
|France
|40,000
|15,150
|15,150
|-
|Germany
|20,000
|15,000
|15,000
|-
|Greece
|?
|50
|50
|-
|Hungary
|100,000
|1,000
|28,000
|-
|Italy
|25,000
|1,000
|1,000
|-
|Latvia
|5,000
|1,500
|2,500
|-
|Lithuania
|1,000
|500
|1,000
|-
|Luxembourg
|200
|100
|200
|-
|Netherlands
|500
|215
|500
|-
|Poland
|50,000
|8,000
|35,000
|-
|Romania
|262,501
|19,000
|36,000
|-
|Slovakia
|80,000
|400
|10,000
|-
|[[Soviet Union]] (1939 borders)
|200,000
|30,000
|35,000
|-
|[[Yugoslavia]]
|100,000
|26,000
|90,000
|-
!Total
!947,500
!130,565
!285,650
|}
{{clear}}
However, new findings and documents uncovered by research experts reveal that the Roma death toll was at least about 200,000 to 500,000 of the 1 or 2 million Roma in Europe, with numerous experts and scholars giving much higher number of Romani deaths, such as Ian Hancock, director of the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Karanth |first=Dileep |year=2009 |title=Ian Hancock |url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/linguistics/faculty/profile.php?id=ianh |website=[[University of Texas at Austin]] |access-date=6 November 2015 }}</ref> He discovered that almost the entire Romani population was killed in Croatia, [[Estonia in World War II|Estonia]], [[German occupation of Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II|Luxembourg]], and the [[Netherlands in World War II|Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hancock |first=Ian |title=Downplaying the Porrajmos: The Trend to Minimize the Romani Holocaust |url=http://www.geocities.com/~Patrin/lewy.htm |date=23 September 2000 |journal=The Patrin Web Journal (In WebCite) |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026170018/http://geocities.com/~patrin/lewy.htm |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> [[Rudolph Rummel]], the late [[professor emeritus]] of [[political science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]] who spent his career assembling data on collective violence by governments toward their people (for which he coined the term [[democide]]), estimated that, in total, 258,000 were killed by the Nazi regime in Europe,{{sfn|Rummel|1992|loc=[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NAZIS.TAB1.1.GIF table 1.1]}} 36,000 in [[Romania in World War II|Romania]] under Ion Antonescu{{sfn|Rummel|1997|loc=[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1D.GIF table 14.1D line 1881]}} and 27,000 in Ustaše-controlled Croatia.{{sfn|Rummel|1997|loc=[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB9.1.GIF table 9.1 lines 195–201]}}

In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanies killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on", and "partisans".{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=243}} He notes recent evidence such as the previously obscure [[Lety concentration camp]] in the Czech Republic and Ackovic's revised estimates<ref>Essay "The Suffering of the Roma in Jasenovac" in {{cite book |last=Lituchy |first=Barry M. |year=2006 |title=Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia |location=New York |publisher=Jasenovac Research Institute |isbn=978-0-9753432-0-3}}</ref> of Romani killed by the Ustaše as high as 80,000–100,000. These numbers suggest that previous estimates have been grossly underrepresented.{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=244-5}}

[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] has estimated that 800,000 Roma people were killed through Nazi actions.<ref name="Brzezinski 2010 10"/>