Editing Robinson Crusoe (section)

===Influence on literature===
''Robinson Crusoe'' marked the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Kathleen |last1=Buss |first2=Lee |last2=Karnowski |year=2000 |title=Reading and Writing Literary Genres |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingwritingli0000buss/page/7 7] |publisher=International Reading Association |isbn=978-0872072572 |url=https://archive.org/details/readingwritingli0000buss |url-access=registration}}</ref> Its success led to many imitators; and castaway novels, written by Ambrose Evans, [[Penelope Aubin]], and others, became quite popular in Europe in the 18th and early 19th&nbsp;centuries.<ref>{{cite book |first=Laura |last=Brown |year=2003 |chapter=Ch.&nbsp;7 Oceans and Floods |page=109 |editor-link=Felicity A. Nussbaum |editor-first=Felicity A. |editor-last=Nussbaum |title=The Global Eighteenth Century |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |place=Baltimore, MD}}</ref> Most of these have fallen into obscurity, but some became established, including ''[[The Swiss Family Robinson]]'', which borrowed Crusoe's first name for its title.

[[Jonathan Swift]]'s ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', published seven years after ''Robinson Crusoe'', may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In ''The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man'', [[Warren Montag]] argues that Swift was concerned about refuting the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's novel seems to suggest. In ''[[Treasure Island]]'', author [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] parodies{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=to list it in [[Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)]]}} Crusoe with the character of [[Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)|Ben Gunn]], a friendly castaway who was marooned for many years, has a wild appearance, dresses entirely in goat skin, and constantly talks about providence.

In [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]'s treatise on education, ''[[Emile, or on Education]]'', the one book the protagonist is allowed to read before the age of twelve is ''Robinson Crusoe''. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he can rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau's educational model.

[[File:Robinson crusoe bookstore.JPG|thumb|Robinson Crusoe bookstore on [[İstiklal Avenue]], [[Istanbul]]]]

In ''[[The Tale of Little Pig Robinson]]'', [[Beatrix Potter]] directs the reader to ''Robinson Crusoe'' for a detailed description of the island (the land of the Bong tree) to which her eponymous hero moves. In [[Wilkie Collins]]' most popular novel, ''[[The Moonstone]]'', one of the chief characters and narrators, Gabriel Betteredge, has faith in all that Robinson Crusoe says and uses the book for a sort of [[divination]]. He considers ''The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe'' the finest book ever written, reads it over and over again, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book.

French novelist [[Michel Tournier]] published ''[[Friday, or, The Other Island]]'' (French ''Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique'') in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's ''Robinson Crusoe'' story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28&nbsp;years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, [[J. M. G. Le Clézio]], winner of the 2008 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], published the novel ''[[Le Proces-Verbal]]''. The book's [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] is a quote from ''Robinson Crusoe'', and like Crusoe, the novel's protagonist Adam Pollo suffers long periods of loneliness.

"Crusoe in England", a 183&nbsp;line poem by [[Elizabeth Bishop]], imagines Crusoe near the end of his life, recalling his time of exile with a mixture of bemusement and regret.

[[J. M. Coetzee]]'s 1986 novel ''[[Foe (Coetzee novel)|Foe]]'' recounts the tale of Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of a woman named Susan Barton.

Other stories that share similar themes to ''Robinson Crusoe'' include [[William Golding]]'s [[Lord of the Flies|''Lord Of The Flies'']] (1954),<ref name="s532">{{cite web | last=Little | first=Becky | title=Debunking the Myth of the 'Real' Robinson Crusoe | website=National Geographic | date=2016-09-28 | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/robinson-crusoe-alexander-selkirk-history | access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref><ref name="Stein_2013">{{cite thesis |last1=Stein |first1=Christopher David |date=May 2013 |title=Narrative Retellings And The Creation Of Identity Discourse In Western Literature: Three Major Adaptations Of Robinson Crusoe |url=https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/6108vd89k |degree=MA |publisher=Humboldt State University |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> [[J. G. Ballard]]'s ''[[Concrete Island]]'' (1974),<ref name="j206">{{cite web | last=Levin | first=Martin | title=Concrete Island | website=The New York Times Web Archive | date=2018-04-08 | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/07/12/specials/ballard-island.html | access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> and [[Andy Weir]]'s [[The Martian (Weir novel)|''The Martian'']] (2011).<ref name="n626">{{cite news | last=Achenbach | first=Joel | title=Andy Weir and his book 'The Martian' may have saved NASA and the entire space program | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2015-05-05 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/achenblog/wp/2015/05/05/andy-weir-and-his-book-the-martian-may-have-saved-nasa-and-the-entire-space-program/ | access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref>

==== Inverted Crusoeism ====
The term "inverted Crusoeism" was coined by [[J. G. Ballard]]. The paradigm of Robinson Crusoe has been a recurring topic in Ballard's work.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sellars |first=Simon |year=2012 |title="Zones of Transition": Micronationalism in the work of J.G. Ballard |pages=230–248 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London}}</ref> Whereas the original Robinson Crusoe became a [[castaway]] against his own will, Ballard's protagonists often choose to maroon themselves; hence inverted Crusoeism (e.g., [[Concrete Island]]). The concept provides a reason as to why people would deliberately maroon themselves on a remote island; in Ballard's work, becoming a castaway is as much a healing and empowering process as an entrapping one, enabling people to discover a more meaningful and vital existence.