Editing Richard II of England (section)

=== Court culture ===
[[File:Wilton diptych.jpg|thumb|The [[Wilton Diptych]], showing Richard venerating the Virgin and Child, accompanied by his patron saints: [[Edmund the Martyr]], [[Edward the Confessor]], and [[John the Baptist]]. The angels in the picture wear the [[White Hart]] badge. [[National Gallery]], London.]]
In the last years of Richard's reign, and particularly in the months after the suppression of the appellants in 1397, the King enjoyed a virtual monopoly on power in the country, a relatively uncommon situation in medieval England.<ref>Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;331–332.</ref> In this period a particular court culture was allowed to emerge, one that differed sharply from that of earlier times. A new form of address developed; where the King previously had been addressed simply as "[[highness]]", now "royal [[majesty]]", or "high majesty" were often used. It was said that on solemn festivals Richard would sit on his throne in the royal hall for hours without speaking, and anyone on whom his eyes fell had to bow his knees to the King.<ref>Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;340–342.</ref> The inspiration for this new sumptuousness and emphasis on dignity came from the courts on the continent, not only the French and Bohemian courts that had been the homes of Richard's two wives, but also the court that his father had maintained while residing in Aquitaine.<ref>Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;344–354.</ref>

Richard's approach to kingship was rooted in his strong belief in the [[royal prerogative]], the inspiration of which can be found in his early youth, when his authority was challenged first by the Peasants' Revolts and then by the Lords Appellant.<ref>Harriss (2005), pp.&nbsp;489–490.</ref> Richard rejected the approach his grandfather Edward III had taken to the nobility. Edward's court had been a martial one, based on the interdependence between the king and his most trusted noblemen as military captains.<ref>Harriss (2005), pp.&nbsp;490–491.</ref> In Richard's view, this put a dangerous amount of power in the hands of the baronage. To avoid dependence on the nobility for military recruitment, he pursued a policy of peace towards France.<ref name="S439">Saul (1997), p.&nbsp;439.</ref> At the same time, he developed his own private military retinue, larger than that of any English king before him, and gave them [[livery]] [[heraldic badge|badges]] with his [[White Hart]].<ref>Harriss (2005), p.&nbsp;28.</ref> He was then free to develop a courtly atmosphere in which the king was a distant, venerated figure, and art and culture, rather than warfare, were at the centre.<ref>Saul (1997), pp.&nbsp;332, 346.</ref>