Editing Retina (section)

=== Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease ===
{{See also|Retinal scan|Biometrics}}

The bifurcations and other physical characteristics of the inner retinal vascular network are known to vary among individuals,<ref name="Sherman81">{{cite journal |last1 = Sherman |first1 = T |year = 1981 |title = On connecting large vessels to small – the meaning of murray law |journal = Journal of General Physiology |volume = 78 |issue = 4 |pages = 431–453 |doi = 10.1085/jgp.78.4.431 |pmid = 7288393 |pmc = 2228620 }}</ref> and these individual variances have been used for [[Retinal scan|biometric identification]] and for early detection of the onset of disease. The mapping of vascular bifurcations is one of the basic steps in biometric identification.<ref name="Azzopardi2011">{{cite book |author1 = Azzopardi G. |author2 = Petkov N. |title = Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns |chapter = Detection of Retinal Vascular Bifurcations by Trainable V4-Like Filters |year = 2011 |url = http://www.cs.rug.nl/~petkov/publications/2011caip_bifurcations.pdf |volume = 6854 |pages = 451–459 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-23672-3_55 |series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn = 978-3-642-23671-6 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809091954/http://www.cs.rug.nl/~petkov/publications/2011caip_bifurcations.pdf |archive-date = 9 August 2017 }}</ref> Results of such analyses of retinal blood vessel structure can be evaluated against the ground truth data<ref>{{cite web |title=Retinal fundus images – Ground truth of vascular bifurcations and crossovers|url=http://www.cs.rug.nl/~imaging/databases/retina_database/retinalfeatures_database.html |website=[[University of Groningen]] |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> of vascular bifurcations of retinal fundus images that are obtained from the DRIVE dataset.<ref>{{cite web |title=DRIVE: Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction |url=http://www.isi.uu.nl/Research/Databases/DRIVE/ |website=Image Sciences Institute, [[Utrecht University]] |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806153015/http://www.isi.uu.nl/Research/Databases/DRIVE/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, the classes of vessels of the DRIVE dataset have also been identified,<ref name="Qureshi2013">{{Cite book |last1 = Qureshi |first1 = T. A. |last2 = Habib |first2 = M. |last3 = Hunter |first3 = A. |last4 = Al-Diri |first4 = B. |title = Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems |chapter = A manually-labeled, artery/Vein classified benchmark for the DRIVE dataset |date = June 2013 |pages = 485–488 |doi = 10.1109/cbms.2013.6627847 |isbn = 978-1-4799-1053-3 |s2cid = 7705121 }}</ref> and an automated method for accurate extraction of these bifurcations is also available.<ref name="Qureshi2014">{{Cite book |last1 = Qureshi |first1 = T. A. |last2 = Hunter |first2 = A. |last3 = Al-Diri |first3 = B. |title = 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition |chapter = A Bayesian Framework for the Local Configuration of Retinal Junctions |date = June 2014 |pages = 3105–3110 |doi = 10.1109/cvpr.2014.397 |isbn = 978-1-4799-5118-5 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.1026.949 |s2cid = 14654500 }}</ref> Changes in retinal blood circulation are seen with aging<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Adar SD, Klein R, Klein BE, Szpiro AA, Cotch MF, Wong TY, etal |year = 2010 |title = Air Pollution and the microvasculature: a crosssectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population based multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) |journal = PLOS Med |volume = 7 |issue = 11 |page = e1000372 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000372 |pmid = 21152417 |pmc = 2994677 |doi-access = free }}</ref> and exposure to air pollution,<ref name="Louwies">{{Cite journal |last1 = Louwies |first1 = Tijs |last2 = Panis |first2 = Luc Int |last3 = Kicinski |first3 = Michal |last4 = Boever |first4 = Patrick De |last5 = Nawrot |first5 = Tim S. |year = 2013 |title = Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short-Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults |journal = Environmental Health Perspectives |volume = 121 |issue = 9 |pages = 1011–1016 |doi = 10.1289/ehp.1205721 |pmc = 3764070 |pmid = 23777785 |bibcode = 2013EnvHP.121.1011L }}</ref> and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Tso |first1 = Mark O.M. |last2 = Jampol |first2 = Lee M. |title = Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Retinopathy |journal = Ophthalmology |volume = 89 |issue = 10 |pages = 1132–1145 |doi = 10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34663-1 |pmid = 7155524 |year = 1982 }}</ref><ref name="Chapman2002">{{Cite journal |last1 = Chapman |first1 = N. |last2 = Dell'omo |first2 = G. |last3 = Sartini |first3 = M. S. |last4 = Witt |first4 = N. |last5 = Hughes |first5 = A. |last6 = Thom |first6 = S. |last7 = Pedrinelli |first7 = R. |date = 1 August 2002 |title = Peripheral vascular disease is associated with abnormal arteriolar diameter relationships at bifurcations in the human retina |journal = Clinical Science |volume = 103 |issue = 2 |pages = 111–116 |doi = 10.1042/cs1030111 |issn = 0143-5221 |pmid = 12149100 }}</ref><ref name="Patton06">{{cite journal |last1 = Patton |first1 = N. |last2 = Aslam |first2 = T. |last3 = MacGillivray |first3 = T. |last4 = Deary |first4 = I. |last5 = Dhillon |first5 = B. |last6 = Eikelboom |first6 = R. |last7 = Yogesan |first7 = K. |last8 = Constable |first8 = I. |year = 2006 |title = Retinal image analysis: Concepts, applications and potential |journal = Progress in Retinal and Eye Research |volume = 25 |issue = 1 |pages = 99–127 |doi = 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.07.001 |pmid = 16154379 |s2cid = 7434103 }}</ref> Determining the equivalent width of arterioles and venules near the optic disc is also a widely used technique to identify cardiovascular risks.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Wong TY, Knudtson MD, Klein R, Klein BE, Meuer SM, Hubbard LD |year = 2004 |title = Computer assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors |journal = Ophthalmology |volume = 111 |issue = 6 |pages = 1183–1190 |doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.09.039 |pmid = 15177969 }}</ref>