Editing Republic (section)

=== Liberal republics ===
{{multiple image
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| header = Liberal republics in early modern Europe
| image1 = Place de la République - Marianne.jpg
| caption1 = An allegory of the French Republic in Paris
| image2 = Flag of the Septinsular Republic.svg
| caption2 = [[Septinsular Republic]] flag from the early 1800s
| image3 = Upprop för republik 1848.jpg
| caption3 = A revolutionary Republican hand-written bill from the Stockholm riots during the [[Revolutions of 1848]], reading: "Dethrone [[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar]] he is not fit to be a king: Long live the Republic! The Reform! down with the Royal house, long live {{lang|sv|[[Aftonbladet]]|italic=no}}! death to the king / Republic Republic the People. Brunkeberg this evening". The writer's identity is unknown.
}}
Along with these initial republican revolts, [[early modern Europe]] also saw a great increase in monarchical power. The era of [[absolute monarchy]] replaced the limited and decentralized monarchies that had existed in most of the Middle Ages. It also saw a reaction against the total control of the monarch as a series of writers created the ideology known as [[liberalism]].

Most of these [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinkers were far more interested in ideas of [[constitutional monarchy]] than in republics. The [[The Protectorate|Cromwell regime]] had discredited republicanism, and most thinkers felt that republics ended in either [[anarchy]] or [[dictatorship|tyranny]].<ref>"Republicanism". ''Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment'' p. 431</ref> Thus philosophers like [[Voltaire]] opposed absolutism while at the same time being strongly pro-monarchy.

[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and [[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]] praised republics, and looked on the city-states of Greece as a model. However, both also felt that a state like France, with 20 million people, would be impossible to govern as a republic. Rousseau admired the [[Corsican Republic|republican experiment in Corsica]] (1755–1769) and described his ideal political structure of small, self-governing communes. Montesquieu felt that a city-state should ideally be a republic, but maintained that a limited monarchy was better suited to a state with a larger territory.

The [[American Revolution]] began as a rejection only of the authority of the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]] over the colonies, not of the monarchy. The failure of the British monarch to protect the colonies from what they considered the infringement of [[Rights of Englishmen|their rights to representative government]], the monarch's branding of those requesting redress as traitors, and his support for sending combat troops to demonstrate authority resulted in widespread perception of the British monarchy as [[tyranny|tyrannical]].

With the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] the leaders of the revolt firmly rejected the monarchy and embraced republicanism. The leaders of the revolution were well-versed in the writings of the French liberal thinkers, and also in the history of the classical republics. [[John Adams]] had notably written a book on republics throughout history. In addition, the widely distributed and popularly read-aloud tract ''[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]'', by [[Thomas Paine]], succinctly and eloquently laid out the case for republican ideals and independence to the larger public. The [[Constitution of the United States]], which went into effect in 1789, created a relatively strong [[federal republic]] to replace the relatively weak [[confederation]] under the first attempt at a national government with the [[Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union]] ratified in 1781. The first ten amendments to the Constitution called the [[United States Bill of Rights]], guaranteed certain [[natural rights]] fundamental to republican ideals that justified the Revolution.

The [[French Revolution]] was also not republican at its outset. Only after the [[Flight to Varennes]] removed most of the remaining sympathy for the king was a republic declared and [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] sent to the guillotine. The stunning success of France in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] saw republics spread by force of arms across much of Europe as a series of [[French client republic|client republics]] were set up across the continent. The rise of [[Napoleon]] saw the end of the [[French First Republic]] and her [[Sister Republic]]s, each replaced by "[[Popular monarchy|popular monarchies]]". Throughout the Napoleonic period, the victors extinguished many of the oldest republics on the continent, including the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Republic of Genoa]], and the [[Dutch Republic]]. They were eventually transformed into monarchies or absorbed into neighboring monarchies.

Outside Europe, another group of republics was created as the [[Napoleonic Wars]] allowed the states of Latin America to gain their independence. Liberal ideology had only a limited impact on these new republics. The main impetus was the local European-descended [[Creole class|Creole]] population in conflict with the [[Peninsulares]]—governors sent from overseas. The majority of the population in most of Latin America was of either African or [[Amerindian]] descent, and the Creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power and broad-based [[popular sovereignty]]. [[Simón Bolívar]], both the main instigator of the revolts and one of its most important theorists, was sympathetic to liberal ideals but felt that Latin America lacked the social cohesion for such a system to function and advocated [[autocracy]] as necessary.

In Mexico, this autocracy briefly took the form of a monarchy in the [[First Mexican Empire]]. Due to the [[Peninsular War]], the Portuguese court was relocated to Brazil in 1808. Brazil gained [[independence]] as a monarchy on September 7, 1822, and the [[Empire of Brazil]] lasted until 1889. In many other Latin American states various forms of autocratic republic existed until most were liberalized at the end of the 20th century.<ref>"Latin American Republicanism" New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005.</ref>
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| align="center" |[[File:Europe 1914 monarchies versus republics.png|180px]]
| align="center" |[[File:Europe 1930 monarchies versus republics.png|180px]]
| align="center" |[[File:Europe 1950 monarchies versus republics.png|180px]]
| align="center" |[[File:Europe 2015 monarchies versus republics.png|180px]]
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|align=left|<small>[[List of sovereign states in 1815|European states in 1815]]<ref>The [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Russian Empire]] are counted amongst [[Europe]]. Counted as republics are the [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]], the [[Free City of Hamburg|Free Cities of Hamburg]], [[Free City of Bremen|Bremen]], [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]] and [[Free City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]], the [[San Marino|Most Serene Republic of San Marino]], the [[Republic of Cospaia]], the [[Septinsular Republic]] and the [[German Confederation]]; however, member states of the German Confederation are also separately counted (35 monarchies).</ref><br />
{{Legend|#FF0000|Monarchies (55)}}
{{Legend|#0000FF|Republics (9)}}</small>
|align=left|<small>[[List of sovereign states in 1914|European states in 1914]]<ref>The [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Russian Empire]] are counted amongst Europe.</ref><br />
{{Legend|#FF0000|Monarchies (22)}}
{{Legend|#0000FF|Republics (4)}}</small>
|align=left|<small>[[List of sovereign states in 1930|European states in 1930]]<ref>The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe, the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] as a single republic, the [[Irish Free State]] as an independent monarchy (see also [[Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949]]), Vatican City as an [[elective monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Kingdom of Hungary]] as a nominal monarchy.</ref><br />
{{Legend|#FF0000|Monarchies (20)}}
{{Legend|#0000FF|Republics (15)}}</small>
|align=left|<small>[[List of sovereign states in 1950|European states in 1950]]<ref>The [[Republic of Turkey]] is counted amongst [[Europe]], the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] as a single republic, the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] as an independent republic, [[Vatican City]] as an [[elective monarchy]], the [[Spanish State]] as a nominal monarchy.</ref><br />
{{Legend|#FF0000|Monarchies (13)}}
{{Legend|#0000FF|Republics (21)}}</small>
|align=left|<small>[[List of sovereign states in 2015|European states in 2015]]<ref>The [[Republic of Turkey]] is counted amongst [[Europe]], the [[Russian Federation]] as a single republic, the [[Republic of Kosovo]] (recognised by most other European states) as an independent republic, [[Vatican City]] as an [[elective monarchy]]. [[Kazakhstan|The Republic of Kazakhstan]] is not shown on this map and is excluded from the count. The [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (recognised only by Turkey) and all other unrecognised states are excluded from the count.</ref><br />
{{Legend|#FF0000|Monarchies (12)}}
{{Legend|#0000FF|Republics (35)}}</small>
|}
[[File:Daumier République.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Honoré Daumier]]''[[The Republic (Daumier)|The Republic]]'' (1848), a symbolic representation of the [[French Second Republic]]. Oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm., The Louvre, Paris]]
The [[French Second Republic]] was created in 1848 but abolished by [[Napoleon III]] who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. The [[French Third Republic]] was established in 1870 when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III's surrender during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. Spain briefly became the [[First Spanish Republic]] in 1873–74, but the monarchy was soon restored. By the start of the 20th century France, Switzerland and San Marino remained the only republics in Europe. This changed when, after the 1908 [[Lisbon Regicide]], the [[5 October 1910 revolution]] established the [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese Republic]].

[[File:Chinese republic forever.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|A 1920s poster that commemorates the permanent President of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] [[Yuan Shikai]] and the provisional President of the Republic [[Sun Yat-sen]]]]
In East Asia, China had seen considerable [[anti-Qing sentiment]] during the 19th century, and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy. The most important leader of these efforts was [[Sun Yat-sen]], whose [[Three Principles of the People]] combined American, European, and Chinese ideas. Under his leadership, the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was proclaimed on January 1, 1912.

Republican ideas were spreading, especially in Asia. The United States began to have considerable influence in East Asia in the later part of the 19th century, with [[Protestant]] missionaries playing a central role. The liberal and republican writers of the West also exerted influence. These combined with native [[Confucian]] inspired political philosophy that had long argued that the populace had the right to reject unjust governments that had lost the [[Mandate of Heaven]].

During this period, three short-lived republics were proclaimed in East Asia; the [[Republic of Ezo]], the [[Republic of Formosa]], and the [[First Philippine Republic]].

Republicanism expanded significantly in the aftermath of [[World War I]] when several of the largest European empires collapsed: the [[Russian Empire]] (1917), [[German Empire]] (1918), [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1918), and [[Ottoman Empire]] (1922) were all replaced by republics. New states gained independence during this turmoil, and many of these, such as [[Irish Republic|Ireland]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Finland]] and [[Czechoslovakia]], chose republican forms of government. Following Greece's defeat in the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)]], the monarchy was briefly replaced by the [[Second Hellenic Republic]] (1924–35). In 1931, the proclamation of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–39) resulted in the [[Spanish Civil War]] leading to the establishment of a [[Francoist Spain|Francoist regime]].
[[File:Referendum-2-giugno scheda elettorale.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Electoral ballot of the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]]]]

The aftermath of [[World War II]] left [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist regime]]. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Italia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=VI|page=456|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it}}</ref> King [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] was pressured to call the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]] to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic.<ref>{{cite book|language=fr|first=Paul|last=Guichonnet|title=Histoire de l'Italie|publisher=Presses universitaires de France|year=1975|page=121}} {{No ISBN}}</ref> The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the ''[[Italia turrita]]'', the [[national personification]] of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the [[House of Savoy|Savoy coat of arms]], which represented the monarchy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bazzano|first=Nicoletta |title=Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri|url = https://www.academia.edu/15080772 |year=2011 |publisher=Angelo Colla Editore|language=it|isbn=978-88-96817-06-3|page=72}}</ref> On June 2, 1946 the republican side won 54.3% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic,<ref>{{cite book|language=it|first=Giorgio|last=Bocca|author-link=Giorgio Bocca|title=Storia della Repubblica italiana|publisher=Rizzoli|year=1981|pages=14–16}} {{No ISBN}}</ref> a day celebrated since as ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]''. Italy has a written democratic [[Constitution of Italy|constitution]], resulting from the work of a [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]] formed by the representatives of all the [[anti-fascist]] forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the [[liberation of Italy]].<ref>Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946) ''The Western Political Quarterly'' vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948.{{JSTOR|442274}}</ref>