Editing Remote work (section)

====Grounding and technology====

[[Grounding in communication]] is the process of updating the evolving common ground, or shared information, between participants. The base of mutual knowledge is important for effective coordination and communication.<ref name=":0a" /> Additionally, participants constantly gather various forms of verbal and nonverbal evidence to establish understanding of change and task.

The following are means of grounding and collecting evidence:

{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Quality
! scope="col" | Description
|-
! align="center" | Co-presence
|When sharing the same physical environment, participants are able to easily and hear what the other is doing and looking at.
|-
! align="center" | Visibility
|The participants are able to see each other and are able to pick up non-verbal facial cues and body language.
|-
! align="center" | Audibility
|When the participants are able to communicate by speaking, they are able to pick up voice intonation and utterance timing.
|-
! align="center" | Cotemporality
| Efficiency is promoted when an utterance is produced just about when it is received and understood, without delay.
|-
! align="center" | Simultaneity
|Messages can be simultaneously conveyed and received by both participants.
|-
! align="center" | Sequentiality
|The participants speak only with each other without intervening turns from conversations with other people.
|-
! align="center" | Reviewability
|Participants are able to return to a physical form of the exchange at a later time.
|-
! align="center" | Revisability
|Participants are able to privately revise their statements before sending their message.
|}

Different forms of [[communication]] result in the varied presence of these communication characteristics. Therefore, the nature of communication technology can either promote or inhibit grounding between participants. The absence of grounding information results in reduced ability to read and understand social cues. This increases the social distance between them.<ref name=":0a">{{cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=Clark |title=Grounding in Communication |year=1991 |publisher=L.B. Resnick, R.M. Levine, & S.D. Teasley |location=Washington, DC |pages=127–149 |last2=Brennan |first2=Susan}}</ref>