Editing Psychotherapy (section)

=== Humanistic ===
{{Main|Humanistic psychology}}

These psychotherapies, also known as "[[Experiential knowledge|experiential]]", are based on [[humanistic psychology]] and emerged in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, being dubbed the "third force". They are primarily concerned with the human development and needs of the individual, with an emphasis on [[subjectivity|subjective]] meaning, a rejection of [[determinism]], and a concern for positive growth rather than [[pathology]].<ref>Maslow, A.H. (2011) "Toward A Psychology of Being" – Reprint of 1962 Edition, Martino Fine Books.</ref> Some posit an inherent human capacity to maximize potential, "the [[Self-actualization|self-actualizing]] tendency"; the task of therapy is to create a relational environment where this tendency might flourish.<ref>Stefaroi, P. (2012) "The Humanistic Approach in Psychology & Psychotherapy, Sociology & Social Work, Pedagogy & Education, Management and Art: Personal Development and Community Development", Charleston SC, US: CreateSpace, {{ISBN|978-1535271646}}.</ref> Humanistic psychology can, in turn, be rooted in [[existentialism]]—the belief that human beings can only find meaning by creating it. This is the goal of [[existential therapy]]. Existential therapy is in turn philosophically associated with [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]].<ref>Deurzen, E., Kenward, R. (2005) "Dictionary of Existential Psychotherapy and Counseling", SAGE Publications.</ref><ref>Gessmann, H.W. (1996) "Humanistische Psychologie und Humanistisches Psychodrama. In: Humanistisches Psychodrama Band 4, (Hrsg.), Verlag des PIB, Duisburg</ref>

[[Person-centered therapy]], also known as client-centered, focuses on the therapist showing openness, empathy and "unconditional positive regard", to help clients express and develop their own [[self]].<ref>Rogers, C. R. (1951) "Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory", Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref>

Humanistic [[Psychodrama]] (HPD) is based on the human image of humanistic psychology.<ref>H.-W. Gessmann: Humanistische Psychologie und Humanistisches Psychodrama. In: Humanistisches Psychodrama. Band IV, Verlag des Psychotherapeutischen Instituts Bergerhausen, Duisburg 1996, S. 27–76.</ref> So all rules and methods follow the axioms of humanistic psychology. The HPD sees itself as development-oriented psychotherapy and has completely moved away from the psychoanalytic catharsis theory.<ref>H.-W. Gessmann: Erste Überlegungen zur Überwindung des Katharsisbegriffs im Humanistischen Psychodrama. In: Internationale Zeitschrift für Humanistisches Psychodrama. 5. Jahrgang, Heft 2, Dez 1999, Verlag des Psychotherapeutischen Instituts Bergerhausen, Duisburg, S. 5–26, ISSN 0949-3018</ref>
Self-awareness and self-realization are essential aspects in the therapeutic process. Subjective experiences, feelings and thoughts and one's own experiences are the starting point for a change or reorientation in experience and behavior in the direction of more self-acceptance and satisfaction. Dealing with the biography of the individual is closely related to the sociometry of the group.<ref>H.-W. Gessmann: Die Humanistische Psychologie und das Humanistische Psychodrama. In: Humanistisches Psychodrama. Band IV, Verlag des Psychotherapeutischen Instituts Bergerhausen, Duisburg 1996, {{ISBN|3-928524-31-3}}.</ref>

[[Gestalt therapy]], originally called "concentration therapy", is an existential/experiential form that facilitates awareness in the various contexts of life, by moving from talking about relatively remote situations to action and direct current experience. Derived from various influences, including an overhaul of psychoanalysis, it stands on top of essentially four load-bearing theoretical walls: [[phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenological method]], dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and experimental freedom.<ref>Wheeler, G. (1991) "Gestalt reconsidered", New York: Gardner Press.</ref>

A briefer form of humanistic therapy is the [[human givens]] approach, introduced in 1998{{ndash}}99.<ref>{{cite book |last2=Tyrrell |first2=Ivan |last1=Griffin |first1=Joe |title=Psychotherapy, Counselling and the Human Givens (Organising Idea)|date=1998|publisher=European Therapy Studies Institute |isbn=978-1899398959}}</ref> It is a solution-focused intervention based on identifying emotional needs—such as for security, autonomy and social connection—and using various educational and psychological methods to help people meet those needs more fully or appropriately.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maslow|first1=A. H.|title=A theory of human motivation|journal=Psychological Review|volume=50|issue=4|pages=370–396|doi=10.1037/h0054346|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm|year=1943|hdl=10983/23610|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914183817/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm|archive-date=14 September 2017|citeseerx=10.1.1.334.7586|s2cid=53326433 }}</ref><ref name="refDeciRyan1978">{{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior |year=1985 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 |isbn=9781489922731}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|title=Human givens: The new approach to emotional health and clear thinking|date=2013|publisher=HG Publishing|location=Chalvington, East Sussex|isbn=978-1899398317|pages=97–153|edition=New|url=http://www.humangivens.com/publications/human-givens-book.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008073609/http://www.humangivens.com/publications/human-givens-book.html|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = Human givens therapy: The evidence base |year= 2008 |journal= Mental Health Review Journal |pages= 44–52 |volume= 13 |issue= 4 |last1= Corp |first1= Nadia |last2= Tsaroucha |first2= Anna |last3= Kingston |first3= Paul |doi= 10.1108/13619322200800027}}</ref>