Editing Protoscience (section)

==Protoscience examples==
===Physical science===
* Ancient astronomical protoscience was recorded as astronomical images and records inscribed on stones, bones and cave walls.{{sfn|Owens|2014}}
* Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658–1730) contributed to protoscience [[oceanography]], describing the ocean currents of the [[Bosporus]] and [[physical oceanography]], and [[Benjamin Franklin]] contributed by identifying the currents of the [[Gulf Stream]].{{sfn|Owens|2014}}
* Philosophers consider [[physics]] before [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] and [[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens]], [[chemistry]] before [[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier]], medicine before [[Rudolf Virchow|Virchow]] and [[Claude Bernard|Bernard]], [[electricity]] before the mid-eighteenth century, and the study of [[heredity]] and [[Phylogenetics|phylogeny]] before the mid-nineteenth century as protosciences that eventually became established science.{{sfn|Bunge|2010|p=253}}{{sfn|Kuhn|1970|p=244}}
* Prior to 1905, leading scientists, [[Wilhelm Ostwald|Ostwald]] and [[Ernst Mach|Mach]], viewed atomic and molecular-kinetic theory as a protoscience, a theory indirectly supported by [[chemistry]] and [[Thermodynamics|statistical thermodynamics]]; however, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] theory of [[Brownian motion]], and [[Jean Baptiste Perrin|Perrin's]] experimental verification led to widespread acceptance of atomic and molecular-kinetic theory as established science.{{sfn|Bunge|2010|p=253}}{{sfn|Newburgh|Peidle|Rueckner|2006}}
* The early stage of [[plate tectonics]], beginning with [[Alfred Wegener|Wegener's]] theory of [[continental drift]], was a protoscience until experimental research confirmed the theory many years later.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=100}} The initial widespread rejection of Wegener's theory is an example of the importance of not dismissing a protoscience.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=100}}{{sfn|Oreskes|Le Grand|2001|p=7}}

===Psychology===
Critics state that [[psychology]] is a protoscience because some practices occur that prevent falsification of research hypotheses.{{sfn|Heene|Ferguson|2017|p=37}}  <em>[[Folk psychology]]</em> and <em>coaching psychology</em> are protosciences.{{sfn|Sehon|1997}}{{sfn|Grant|Cavanagh|2007}}

===Medicine===
The use of scientifically invalid [[Biomarker (medicine)|biomarkers]] to identify adverse outcomes is a protoscience practice in medicine.{{sfn|Grimes|Schulz|Raymond|2010}}  The process for reporting adverse medical events is a protoscience because it relies on uncorroborated data and unsystematic methods.{{sfn|Kaplan|Barach|2002}}

===Technology===
Hatleback describes [[Computer security|cybersecurity]] as a protoscience that lacks transparency in experimentation,  scientific laws, and sound experimental design in some cases; however cybersecurity has the potential to become a science.{{sfn|Hatleback|2018}}