Editing Proton-pump inhibitor (section)

=== Other ===
Associations have been shown between PPI use and an increased risk of pneumonia, particularly in the 30 days after starting therapy, where it was found to be 50% higher in community use.<ref name="pmid26042842">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lambert AA, Lam JO, Paik JJ, Ugarte-Gil C, Drummond MB, Crowell TA | title = Risk of community-acquired pneumonia with outpatient proton-pump inhibitor therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0128004 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26042842 | pmc = 4456166 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0128004 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1028004L | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=pmid21173070>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eom CS, Jeon CY, Lim JW, Cho EG, Park SM, Lee KS | title = Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = CMAJ | volume = 183 | issue = 3 | pages = 310–9 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21173070 | pmc = 3042441 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.092129 }}</ref> Other very weak associations of PPI use have been found, such as with [[chronic kidney disease]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.cegh.2017.12.008|title = Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of chronic kidney disease: Evidence-based meta-analysis of observational studies|journal = Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health|volume = 7|pages = 46–52|year = 2019| vauthors = Hussain S, Singh A, Habib A, Najmi AK |doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lazarus B, Chen Y, Wilson FP, Sang Y, Chang AR, Coresh J, Grams ME | title = Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 176 | issue = 2 | pages = 238–46 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26752337 | pmc = 4772730 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7193 | publisher = American Medical Association (AMA) }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T, Xian H, Yan Y, Al-Aly Z | title = Long-term kidney outcomes among users of proton pump inhibitors without intervening acute kidney injury | journal = Kidney International | volume = 91 | issue = 6 | pages = 1482–1494 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28237709 | doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.021 | publisher = Elsevier BV | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="doi/10.1136/bmj.l1580" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moledina DG, Perazella MA | title = Proton Pump Inhibitors and CKD | journal = Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 27 | issue = 10 | pages = 2926–2928 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27080978 | pmc = 5042680 | doi = 10.1681/asn.2016020192 | publisher = American Society of Nephrology (ASN) }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T, Xian H, Balasubramanian S, Al-Aly Z | title = Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Incident CKD and Progression to ESRD | journal = Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 27 | issue = 10 | pages = 3153–3163 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27080976 | pmc = 5042677 | doi = 10.1681/asn.2015121377 | publisher = American Society of Nephrology (ASN) }}</ref> [[dementia]]<ref>Salman Hussain, Ambrish Singh et al. No association between proton pump inhibitors use and risk of dementia: Evidence from a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14789</ref><ref name="pmid28257716"/><ref name="pmid28130652">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schnoll-Sussman F, Katz PO | title = Clinical Implications of Emerging Data on the Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors | journal = Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–9 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28130652 | doi = 10.1007/s11938-017-0115-5 | quote = The methodology of these studies allows us to find an association with these events but does not provide us with sufficient evidence to determine causality. In general, the findings of the available studies do not fit with our clinical experience nor is the magnitude of the association sufficient to result in a major change in our practice. Nevertheless, the recent literature has resulted in our careful reevaluation of PPI use across both FDA indications and in general. | s2cid = 24718665 }}</ref> and [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] (HCC).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh A, Hussain S, Jha R, Jayraj AS, Klugar M, Antony B | title = Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review of pharmacoepidemiological data | journal = Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 278–280 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34643998 | doi = 10.1111/jebm.12456 | s2cid = 238746424 | url = | issn = }}</ref>

As of 2016, results were derived from observational studies, it remained uncertain whether such associations were causal relationships.<ref name="pmid28257716"/><ref name="pmid28528705"/><ref name="pmid27006255">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kia L, Kahrilas PJ | title = Therapy: Risks associated with chronic PPI use - signal or noise? | journal = Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 253–4 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27006255 | doi = 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.44 | s2cid = 19207074 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/895402 }}</ref>