Editing Pope Paul VI (section)

==Papacy==
{{Infobox popestyles
|image = C o a Paulus VI.svg
|dipstyle = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle = Your Holiness
|relstyle = Holy Father
|deathstyle = [[Saint]]
}}

===Papal conclave===
{{Main|1963 papal conclave}}
[[File:Election of Pope Paul VI.jpg|thumb|left|Pope Paul VI appears on the central loggia after his election on 21 June 1963.]]
[[File:Paulus VI crowned by cardinal Ottaviani.jpg|thumb|right|Pope Paul VI crowned by Cardinal [[Alfredo Ottaviani]]]]
Montini was generally seen as the [[Papabile|most likely papal successor]], being close to both Popes Pius XII and John XXIII, as well as his pastoral and administrative background, his insight, and his determination.{{Sfn|Duffy|1997|p=275}} John XXIII had previously known the Vatican as an official until his appointment to Venice as a papal diplomat, but returning to Rome at age 66, he may at times have felt uncertain in dealing with the professional [[Roman Curia]]. Montini, on the other hand, had learned its innermost workings while working in it for a generation.{{Sfn|Duffy|1997|p=275}}

Unlike the [[papabile]] cardinals [[Giacomo Lercaro]] of [[Bologna]] and [[Giuseppe Siri]] of [[Genoa]], Montini was identified neither left nor right nor as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the [[Second Vatican Council]],{{Sfn|Duffy| 1997|p=275}} which had adjourned without tangible results.

In the conclave after John XXIII's death, Montini was elected pope on the sixth ballot on 21 June. When the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] [[Eugène Tisserant]] asked if he accepted the election, Montini said ''"Accepto, in nomine Domini"'' ("I accept, in the name of the Lord"). He took the name "Paul VI" in honor of [[Paul the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/16219/POPE-AND-PROPHET-The-beatification-of-Paul-VI.aspx |title=POPE AND PROPHET: The beatification of Paul VI Ceremony brings new appreciation of a pontiff who was much maligned after Vatican II, Humanae Vitae |last=Bunson |first=Matthew |date=8 October 2014 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061125/https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/16219/POPE-AND-PROPHET-The-beatification-of-Paul-VI.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At one point during the conclave on 20 June, it was said that Cardinal [[Gustavo Testa]] lost his temper and demanded that opponents of Montini halt their efforts to thwart his election.<ref>{{cite news|work=Madison Catholic Herald|url=http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html|last=Weigel|first=George|title=Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel|date=21 April 2005|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215010639/http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Montini, fearful of causing strife, started to rise to dissuade the cardinals from voting for him, but Cardinal [[Giovanni Urbani]] dragged him back, muttering, "Eminence, shut up!"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/pope-hamlet-paul-vis-indecisive-wavering-papacy|title=Pope Hamlet: Paul VI's indecisive, wavering papacy|date=13 October 2018|author=Paul Collins|newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232523/https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/pope-hamlet-paul-vis-indecisive-wavering-papacy|url-status=live}}</ref>

The white smoke first rose from the chimney of the [[Sistine Chapel]] at 11:22 am, when [[Protodeacon]] Cardinal [[Alfredo Ottaviani]] announced to the public the successful election of Montini. When the new pope appeared on the central loggia, he gave the shorter [[episcopal blessing]] as his first [[apostolic blessing]] rather than the longer, traditional ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''.

Of the papacy, Paul VI wrote in his journal: "The position is unique. It brings great solitude. 'I was solitary before, but now my solitude becomes complete and awesome.'"{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=339}}

Less than two years later, on 2 May 1965, Paul informed the [[dean of the College of Cardinals]] that his health might make it impossible to function as pope. He wrote, "In case of infirmity, which is believed to be incurable or is of long duration and which impedes [[Royal we|us]] from sufficiently exercising the functions of our apostolic ministry; or in the case of another serious and prolonged impediment", he would renounce his office "both as bishop of Rome as well as head of the same holy Catholic Church".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wooden|first1=Cindy|title=Pope Paul VI prepared 'resignation letter'|url=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/9082/pope-paul-vi-prepared-resignation-letter-|access-date=16 May 2018|work=The Tablet|agency=Catholic News Service|date=16 May 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092844/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/9082/pope-paul-vi-prepared-resignation-letter-|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reforms of papal ceremony===
[[File:Pope Paul VI portrait.jpg|thumb|left|One of the first official photographs of Paul VI taken in 1963<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photograph of Pope Paul VI |url=https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/objects/17108/photograph-of-pope-paul-vi |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=jfk.artifacts.archives.gov |publisher=The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Artifact Collection |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404114442/https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/objects/17108/photograph-of-pope-paul-vi |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Paul VI did away with much of the papacy's regal splendor. [[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|His coronation]] on 30 June 1963 was the last [[papal coronation|such ceremony]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/paul-vi-during-the-coronation-to-pontiff-vaticanos-city-30-news-photo/152217764|title=Paul VI during the coronation to Pontiff. Vaticano's City, 30 june...|website=Getty Images|date=15 September 2012 |access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214348/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/paul-vi-during-the-coronation-to-pontiff-vaticanos-city-30-news-photo/152217764|url-status=live}}</ref> his successor [[Pope John Paul I]] substituted an [[papal inauguration|inauguration]] (which Paul had substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 [[apostolic constitution]] ''[[Romano Pontifici Eligendo]]''). At his coronation, Paul wore a [[papal tiara|tiara]] presented by the Archdiocese of Milan. Near the end of the third session of the [[Second Vatican Council]] in 1964, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] and ascended the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the innovative spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold for charity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doty|first1=Robert C.|title=Pope Paul Donates His Jeweled Tiara To Poor of World|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/14/pope-paul-donates-his-jeweled-tiara-to-poor-of-world.html|access-date=27 April 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 November 1964|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517165209/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/14/pope-paul-donates-his-jeweled-tiara-to-poor-of-world.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The purchasers arranged for it to be displayed as a gift to American Catholics in the crypt of the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in Washington, D.C.

In 1968, with the [[motu proprio]] ''[[Pontificalis Domus]]'', he discontinued most of the ceremonial functions of the old [[Papal nobility]] at the court (reorganized as the [[Papal household|household]]), save for the [[Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne]]. He also abolished the [[Palatine Guard]] and the [[Noble Guard (Vatican)|Noble Guard]], leaving the Pontifical [[Swiss Guard]] as the sole military order of the Vatican.

===Completion of the Vatican Council===
{{Main|Second Vatican Council}}
[[File:CardinalBea.jpg|thumb|150px|Pope Paul VI fully supported Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]], credited with ecumenical breakthroughs during the Second Vatican Council.]]
Paul VI decided to reconvene [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] and completed it in 1965. Faced with conflicting interpretations and controversies, he directed the implementation of its reform goals.

====Ecumenical orientation====
{{Main |Pope Paul VI and Ecumenism}}
During Vatican II, the council fathers avoided statements that might anger non-Catholic Christians.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993}}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}} Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]], the President of the [[Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity|Christian Unity Secretariat]], always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of [[Pope John XXIII]]. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of ''[[Nostra aetate]]'', which regulates the Church's relations with [[Judaism]] and members of other religions.{{Efn|28 October 1965.}}

====Dialogue with the world====
After being elected Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new diocese. He told them that he started a dialogue with the modern world in Milan and asked them to seek contact with people from all walks of life. Six days after his election, he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening on 29 September 1963.<ref name="Franzen 420"/> In a radio address to the world, Paul VI praised his predecessors, the strength of [[Pius XI]], the wisdom and intelligence of [[Pius XII]], and the love of [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]]. As his pontifical goals, he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the [[Canon Law]] reform, and improved social peace and justice worldwide. The unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.<ref name="Franzen 420" />

====Council priorities====
The Pope re-opened the Ecumenical Council on 29 September 1963, giving it four key priorities:
* A better understanding of the Catholic Church
* Church reforms
* Advancing the unity of Christianity
* Dialogue with the world<ref name="Franzen 420" />

[[File:MontiniKennedy.jpg|255px|thumb|Pope Paul VI meets with the <!-- READ THE WHOLE SENTENCE. DO NOT CHANGE CAPTION-->first<!-- READ THE WHOLE SENTENCE. DO NOT CHANGE CAPTION--> Catholic U.S. president, [[John F. Kennedy]], 2 July 1963.]]
He reminded the Council Fathers that only a few years earlier, Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical ''[[Mystici corporis]]'' about the [[Body of Christ|mystical body of Christ]]. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to simply explain how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church was at fault for their separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the East had been forbidden to attend by their national governments.{{Sfn |Franzen|1988|pp=421–22}}

[[File:Konzilseroeffnung 1.jpg|255px|thumb|right|The opening of the second session of Vatican II]]

====Third and fourth sessions====
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an [[Nota Praevia|explanatory note]] confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step that was viewed by some as meddling in the council's affairs.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=423}} American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this be approved together with related texts on topics such as [[ecumenism]].<ref name="Franzen 424">{{harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=424}}</ref> The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964 with the formal pronouncement of Mary as [[Mother of the Church]].<ref name="Franzen 424"/>

Between the third and fourth sessions, the Pope announced reforms in the areas of [[Roman Curia]], revision of [[Canon law]], regulations for [[interfaith marriage]]s, and [[birth control]] issues. He opened the council's final session, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed, but all were finally agreed upon. The council was concluded on 8 December 1965: the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="Franzen 424"/>

In the council's final session, Paul VI announced that he would open the canonisation processes of his immediate predecessors: Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII.

====Universal call to holiness====
According to Paul VI, "the most characteristic and ultimate purpose of the teachings of the Council" is the [[universal call to holiness]]:<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690319_sanctitas-clarior_it.html Motu Proprio Sanctitas Clarior] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231450/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690319_sanctitas-clarior_it.html |date=2 March 2013 }}</ref> "all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity; by this holiness as such a more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society." This teaching is found in ''[[Lumen Gentium]]'', the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, promulgated by Paul VI on 21 November 1964.

===Church reforms===
[[File:AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|140px|thumb|right|Following his predecessor [[Ambrose of Milan]], Pope Paul VI named [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Mary]] the "[[Mother of the Church]]" during [[Vatican II]].]]

====Synod of Bishops====
On 14 September 1965, he established the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] as a permanent institution of the Catholic Church and an advisory body to the papacy. Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelization in the modern world, which started on 9 September 1974.<ref name="Franzen 425">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=425}}</ref>

====Curia reform====
{{Main|Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia}}
Pope Paul VI knew the [[Roman Curia]] well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with ''Pontificalis Domus'', and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations, and a broader representation of non-Italians in the Curial positions.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|title=Annuario Pontificio|trans-title=Pontifical annuary|year=2005|chapter= Note Storiche|pages=1820 ff}}</ref>

====Age limits and restrictions====
On 6 August 1966, Paul VI asked all bishops to submit their resignations to the pontiff by their 75th birthday. They were not required to do so but "earnestly requested of their own free will to tender their resignation from office".<ref>{{cite web| last=Montini| first=Giovanni Battista| author-link=Giovanni Montini| url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html| publisher=Holy See| title=Apostolic Letter: Ecclesiae Sanctae| date=15 June 1966| access-date=9 January 2017| archive-date=10 December 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210195005/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html| url-status=live}}</ref> He extended this request to all cardinals in ''[[Ingravescentem aetatem]]'' on 21 November 1970, with the further provision that cardinals would relinquish their offices in the [[Roman Curia]] upon reaching their 80th birthday.<ref name=IA>{{cite web | last=Montini | first=Giovanni Battista | author-link=Giovanni Montini | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html | publisher=Holy See | title=Apostolic Letter: Ingravescentem aetatem | date=21 November 1970 | access-date=9 January 2017 | language=it | archive-date=5 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205233030/http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html | url-status=live }}</ref> These retirement rules enabled the Pope to fill several positions with younger prelates and reduce the Italian domination of the Roman Curia.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=425}} His 1970 measures also revolutionised papal elections by restricting the right to vote in [[papal conclave]]s to cardinals who had not yet reached their 80th birthday,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hofmann|first1=Paul|title=Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html|access-date=10 January 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 1970|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826090048/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a class known since then as "cardinal electors". This reduced the power of the Italians and the Curia in the next conclave. Some senior cardinals objected to losing their voting privilege without effect.<ref>{{cite news | work = New York Times | access-date = 9 January 2017 | date = 27 November 1970 | first = Alfred Jr. | last = Friendly | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html | title = Ottaviani Deplores Papal Action Barring Vote of Aged Cardinals | archive-date = 26 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180826101008/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | agency = [[UPI|UP]] | access-date = 9 January 2017 | language = es | title = Crítica de dos Cardenales contra el Papa Paulo VI | date = 26 November 1970 | url = http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090747/http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html | archive-date = 10 January 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Paul VI's measures also limited the number of cardinal electors to a maximum of 120, a rule disregarded on several occasions by each of his successors.<!-- can add instances of exceeding this limit by JPII, Benedict, and Francis --> Previously, Paul VI himself had been the first pope to increase the number above 120 (from [[Cardinal electors in the 1963 papal conclave|82]] in 1963 to 134 [[Cardinals created by Paul VI#28 April 1969|in April 1969]]; but he reduced the number of cardinal electors below 120 in 1971 by simultaneously introducing the voting age limit).

Some prelates questioned whether he should not apply these retirement rules to himself.<ref>{{cite news | work = Wall Street Journal | access-date = 10 January 2017 | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516 | title = John Paul's Frailty Sparks Debate on Papal Retirement | date = 28 March 2000 | first = Lisa | last = Miller | archive-date = 10 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162330/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516 | url-status = live }}</ref> When Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|title=Pope Paul VI dies|date=7 August 1978|work=Lewiston Tribune|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214347/https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Liturgy====
{{Main|Mass of Paul VI}}
Reform of the [[Catholic liturgy|liturgy]], an aim of the 20th-century [[liturgical movement]], mainly in France and Germany, was officially recognised as legitimate by Pius XII in his encyclical ''[[Mediator Dei]]''. During his pontificate, he eased regulations on the obligatory use of Latin in Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals, and other events. In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of the [[Easter Triduum]].{{Sfn|Adam|1985 |pp=47–48}} The [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965) gave some directives in its document ''[[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]'' for a general revision of the [[Roman Missal]]. Within four years of the close of the council, Paul VI promulgated in 1969 the first postconciliar edition, which included three new [[Eucharistic Prayer]]s in addition to the [[Roman Canon]], until then the only [[anaphora (liturgy)|anaphora]] in the [[Roman Rite]]. Use of [[vernacular]] languages was expanded by decision of [[episcopal conference]]s, not by papal command. In addition to his revision of the [[Roman Missal]], Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church.{{Sfn|Adam|1985|p=49}}

These reforms were not universally welcomed. Questions were raised about the need to replace the [[1962 Roman Missal]], which, though decreed on 23 June 1962,<ref>The decree is printed as the first document in the 1962 Roman Missal.</ref> became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council's ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'' decree ordered that it be altered.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal| title = Louis J. Tofari, "A 'Particular' Curiosity of the 1962 Missale Romanum"| access-date = 13 August 2019| archive-date = 13 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190813133501/https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal| url-status = live}}</ref> Attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that of [[Marcel Lefebvre]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] granted bishops the right to authorise the use of the 1962 Missal (''[[Quattuor abhinc annos]]'' and ''[[Ecclesia Dei]]'') and in 2007 [[Pope Benedict XVI]], while stating that the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the ''Forma ordinaria'' – of the Eucharistic Liturgy",<ref>{{cite web |author=Joseph Ratzinger |date=7 July 2007 |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html |type=letter |author-link=Pope Benedict XVI |title=To the Bishops on the occasion of the publication of the motu proprio 'Summorum Pontificum' |publisher=Vatican |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215083214/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> gave general permission to priests of the [[Latin Church]] to use either the 1962 Missal or the post-[[Vatican II]] Missal both privately and, under certain conditions, publicly.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html| title = ''Summorum Pontificum''| access-date = 15 January 2021| archive-date = 1 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210201151716/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html| url-status = live}}</ref> In 2021, Pope Francis removed many of faculties granted by Pope Benedict XVI with the publishing of his ''motu proprio'', ''[[Traditionis custodes|Traditionis Custodes]]'', thus limiting the use of 1962 Roman Missal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Letter issued "Motu proprio" by the Supreme Pontiff Francis "Traditionis custodes" on the use of the Roman Liturgy prior to the Reform of 1970, 16 July 2021 {{!}} Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=www.vatican.va |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424084440/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Relations and dialogues===
[[File:General audience of Pope Paul VI (1973).jpg|200px|thumb|left|Pope Paul VI during an October 1973 audience]]
[[File:Paulus VI visit to Israel, Mount Tabor 1964 (997009326801305171).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Pope Paul VI at Mount Tabor, during his 1964 visit to Israel|Pope Paul VI at [[Mount Tabor]], during his 1964 visit to Israel]]
To Paul VI, a dialogue with all of humanity was essential not as an aim but as a means to find the truth. According to Paul, dialogue is based on the full equality of all participants. This equality is rooted in the common search for the truth.{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=172}} He said: "Those who have the truth, are in a position as not having it, because they are forced to search for it every day in a deeper and more perfect way. Those who do not have it, but search for it with their whole heart, have already found it."{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=172}}

====Dialogues====
[[File:Jafar Shahidi and Pope Paul VI.jpg|thumb|Pope Paul VI meets [[Jafar Shahidi]] and [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr|Hossein Nasr]], Iranian Shia scholars.]]
In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the [[Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue]], and a year later, a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter one was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]], which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of goodwill, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on 1 January every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the [[Iron Curtain]], Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko]] and [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Chairman]] of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] [[Nikolai Podgorny]] in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], and [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] improved during his pontificate.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=427}}

====Foreign travels====
[[File:Foreign trips of Paul VI.svg|thumb|right|195px|The countries visited by Pope Paul VI]]
[[File:Relief of Paulus VI in Nazareth.JPG|195px|thumbnail|right|Relief commemorating Pope Paul VI's visit to Nazareth, 5 January 1964]]
[[File:Pope Paul VI's Diamond Ring and Cross.jpg|thumb|right|Pope Paul VI's diamond ring and cross donated to the United Nations]]
{{Main |List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI}}{{Further|1965 visit by Pope Paul VI to the United States}}
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents. He was also the first pontiff to travel on an airplane, visit the Holy Land on pilgrimage, and travel outside Italy in a century. He travelled more widely than any of his predecessors, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". He visited the [[Holy Land]] in 1964 and participated in [[Eucharistic congress]]es in [[Bombay]], India, and [[Bogotá]], Colombia. In 1966, he was twice denied permission to visit [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] for the thousandth anniversary of the [[Christianization of Poland|introduction of Christianity in Poland]]. In 1967, he visited the shrine of [[Our Lady of Fátima]] in [[Portugal]] on the fiftieth anniversary of the [[Miracle of the Sun|apparitions]] there. He undertook a pastoral visit to Uganda in 1969,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/|title=Pope Paul VI's Apostolic Pilgrimage to Uganda, 31st July – 2nd August 1969|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002840/http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> the first by a reigning pope to Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/11/26/uganda_1969_paul_vi_the_first_pope_to_visit_africa__/1189796/|title=Uganda 1969: Paul VI the first Pope to visit Africa|access-date=29 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213431/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/11/26/uganda_1969_paul_vi_the_first_pope_to_visit_africa__/1189796|archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff to visit the Western hemisphere when he addressed the United Nations in New York City in October 1965.{{efn|As a gesture of goodwill, the Pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewellery, a diamond cross<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iconjewelsusa.com/popepaulviartifact|title=ICONJewels – Artifacts|website=Icon Jewels|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005731/https://www.iconjewelsusa.com/popepaulviartifact|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Pope Paul VI's Diamond Cross|url = http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|website = Rau Antiques|access-date = 5 October 2015|archive-date = 6 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113413/http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|url-status = dead}}</ref> and ring,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Pope Paul VI's Diamond Ring|url = http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|website = Rau Antiques|access-date = 5 October 2015|archive-date = 6 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113413/http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Diamond Jewelry Owned By Pope Paul VI On Sale For $1.9 Million|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/03/19/diamond-jewelry-owned-by-pope-paul-vi-on-sale-for-1-9-million/|website = Forbes|access-date = 23 November 2015|archive-date = 24 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124145648/http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/03/19/diamond-jewelry-owned-by-pope-paul-vi-on-sale-for-1-9-million/|url-status = live}}</ref> with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering.}} As the U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] was escalating, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the U.N.:
{{blockquote|Our very brief visit has given us a great honour; that of proclaiming to the whole world, from the Headquarters of the United Nations, Peace! We shall never forget this extraordinary hour. Nor can We bring it to a more fitting conclusion than by expressing the wish that this central seat of human relationships for the civil peace of the world may ever be conscious and worthy of this high privilege.<ref>{{cite web|last=Montini|first=Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/|publisher=The Holy See|author-link=Pope Paul VI|title=Speeches|place=The Vatican|access-date=23 June 2013|archive-date=19 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019034203/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|No more war, never again war. Peace, it is peace that must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1965/The-Conflict-in-Vietnam-Widens/12301381029534-2/#title | year = 1965 | title = The conflict in Vietnam widens | publisher = UPI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726231644/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1965/The-Conflict-in-Vietnam-Widens/12301381029534-2/ |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref>}}

===Attempted assassination===
Shortly after arriving at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]], the Philippines on 27 November 1970, the Pope, closely followed by President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and personal aide [[Pasquale Macchi]], who was private secretary to Pope Paul VI, were encountered suddenly by a crew-cut, cassock-clad man who tried to attack the Pope with a knife. Macchi pushed the man away; police identified the would-be assassin as [[Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores]] of [[La Paz|La Paz, Bolivia]]. Mendoza was an artist living in the Philippines. The Pope continued his trip and thanked Marcos and Macchi, who had moved to protect him during the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/c3c63bdf79379c9f4ea490fd44bef1a5/Msgr-Pasquale-Macci-foils-assassination-attempt-on-Pope-Paul-VI-in-Manila/|title=Msgr. Pasquale Macci foils assassination attempt on Pope Paul VI in Manila|website=UPI|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052840/http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/c3c63bdf79379c9f4ea490fd44bef1a5/Msgr-Pasquale-Macci-foils-assassination-attempt-on-Pope-Paul-VI-in-Manila/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===New diplomacy===
Like his predecessor [[Pius XII]], Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate.<ref name="Franzen 430">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=430}}</ref> This was a reflection of a new understanding between church and state, which had been formulated first by [[Pius XI]] and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution ''[[Gaudium et spes]]'' stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and is willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.{{Sfn|Franzen|1991|p=391}}

Pope Paul VI sent one of 73 [[Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages]] to [[NASA]] for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface today. It has the words of the [[Psalm 8|8th Psalm]], and the Pope wrote, "To the Glory of the name of God who gives such power to men, we ardently pray for this wonderful beginning."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7F6LpwYq04C&pg=PA113 |pages=112–113 |last=Colgrove |first=Rosemary |title=Eye on the Sparrow: The Remarkable Journey of Father Joseph Nisari, Pakistani Priest |publisher=Hillcrest Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=9781936400874 |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429213840/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7F6LpwYq04C&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Theology===
====Mariology====
{{Main|Mariology of Pope Paul VI}}
[[File:Paulo VI em Fátima.jpg|thumb|right|Paul VI during his visit to the [[Sanctuary of Fátima]] in 1967]]
Pope Paul VI made extensive contributions to [[Mariology]] (theological teaching and devotions) during his pontificate. Given its new ecumenical orientation, he attempted to present the Marian teachings of the church. In his inaugural encyclical ''Ecclesiam suam'' (section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. He regards "devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel."<ref>''Ecclesiam suam'', 58</ref>

====Encyclicals====
Paul VI authored seven [[encyclical]]s.

=====''Ecclesiam suam''=====
{{Main|Ecclesiam suam}}
''Ecclesiam suam'' was given at St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, on the [[Feast of the Transfiguration]], 6 August 1964, the second year of his pontificate. Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church, between the churches, and with atheism.<ref name="Franzen 425" />

=====''Mense maio''=====
{{Main|Mense maio}}
The encyclical ''[[Mense maio]]'' (from 29 April 1965) focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly regarded as how people are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ.<ref>''Mense maio'', 1</ref>

=====''Mysterium fidei''=====
{{Main|Mysterium fidei (encyclical)}}
On 3 September 1965, Paul VI issued ''Mysterium fidei'', on the [[Eucharist]]. The encyclical critiques certain contemporary Eucharistic theologies and liturgical practices perceived to undermine traditional Catholic doctrine. The Church, according to Paul VI, has no reason to give up the deposit of faith in such a vital matter.<ref name="Franzen 425" />

=====''Christi Matri''=====
{{Main|Christi Matri}}
On 15 September 1966, Paul VI issued ''Christi Matri'', a request for the faithful to pray for peace during October 1966. As reasons for this call to prayer, Paul VI alludes to the [[Vietnam War]] and lists concern about "the growing [[Nuclear arms race|nuclear armaments race]], the senseless nationalism, the racism, the obsession for revolution, the separations imposed upon citizens, the nefarious plots, the slaughter of innocent people."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Paul VI |title=CHRISTI MATRI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_15091966_christi-matri.html |page=1 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905090539/https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_15091966_christi-matri.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====''Populorum progressio''=====
{{Main|Populorum progressio}}
[[File:Paulaudenece1977.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Paul VI at an audience in October 1977]]
''Populorum progressio'', released on 26 March 1967, dealt with "the development of peoples" and that the world's economy should serve humanity and not just a few. It develops traditional principles of Catholic social teaching, including the right to a just wage, the right to security of employment, the right to fair and reasonable working conditions, the right to join a union, and the [[universal destination of goods]].

In addition, ''Populorum progressio'' opines that real peace in the world is conditional on justice. He repeated his demands expressed in Bombay in 1964 for a large-scale World Development Organization as a matter of international justice and peace. He rejected notions of instigating revolution and force in changing economic conditions.<ref>Franzen 426</ref>

=====''Sacerdotalis caelibatus''=====
{{Main|Sacerdotalis caelibatus}}
''Sacerdotalis caelibatus'' (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of [[Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church|priestly celibacy]] in the West. Written in response to postconciliar questioning of the discipline of clerical celibacy, the encyclical reaffirms the historical ecclesiastical discipline that because celibacy is an ideal state, it continues to be mandatory for priests. To Catholic conceptions of the priesthood, celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood.<ref name="Franzen 425" /> However, during his pontificate, Paul VI was permissive in allowing bishops to grant [[Loss of clerical state|laicisation of priests]] who wanted to leave the [[sacerdotal state]]. [[John Paul II]] changed this policy in 1980, and the 1983 Code of [[Canon Law]] made it explicit that only the Pope can, in exceptional circumstances, grant laicization.

=====''Humanae vitae''=====
{{Main|Humanae vitae}}
[[File:Pape Paul VI – Vatican, 1968.jpg|thumb|242x242px|Paul VI in his office on 29 June 1968]]
Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical ''Humanae vitae'' (''Of Human Life'', subtitled ''On the Regulation of Birth''), published on 25 July 1968, responding to the findings of the [[Pontifical Commission on Birth Control]], affirming the minority report. The encyclical reaffirmed the Catholic Church's prior condemnation of [[contraception|artificial birth control]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Pope-Paul-VI/Garbage-Strike/12303153093431-7/|title=1968 Year in Review|publisher=[[United Press International]]|access-date=12 September 2010|archive-date=14 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914063442/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Pope-Paul-VI/Garbage-Strike/12303153093431-7/|url-status=live}}</ref> The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially [[Pius XI]],<ref>Pius XI, encyc.letter Divini illius Magistri: AAS 22 (1930), 58–61; encyc. letter Casti connubii: AAS 22 (1930), 545–546</ref> [[Pius XII]]<ref>Discorsi e radiomessaggi di Pio XII, VI, 191–192; to Italian Association of Catholic Midwives: AAS 43 (1951), 835–854</ref> and [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]].<ref>John XXIII, encyc. letter ''Mater et magistra'': AAS 53 (1961), 457.</ref>

The encyclical teaches that marriage constitutes a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons cooperate with God in the creation of a new person. For this reason, the encyclicals that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God.<ref name="Humanae vitae, 1">{{Citation|title=Humanae vitae|at=1}}</ref> This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships.<ref name="Humanae vitae, 1" /> The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as [[biology]], [[psychology]], [[demography]] or [[sociology]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Humanae vitae|at=7}}</ref> The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:
{{blockquote |Love is total—that very special form of personal friendship in which husband and wife generously share everything, allowing no unreasonable exceptions and not thinking solely of their own convenience. Whoever really loves his partner loves not only for what he receives, but loves that partner for the partner's own sake, content to be able to enrich the other with the gift of himself.<ref>{{Citation | title = Humanae vitae | at = 8–9}}.</ref>}}

The reaction to the continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was mixed. The encyclical was welcomed in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Poland.<ref>{{Citation | title = Herder Korrespondenz Orbis Catholicus | year = 1968}}.</ref> In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As [[World Bank]] president [[Robert McNamara]] declared at the 1968 [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group|Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]] that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in [[La Paz]], Bolivia, called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal Archbishop [[Aníbal Muñoz Duque]] declared, "If American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent."<ref name="Herder 549">{{Citation|title=Herder Korrespondenz|publisher=Orbis Catholicus|place= Freiburg|year=1968|at=HK 1968 549}}</ref> The [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Senate of Bolivia]] passed a resolution stating that ''Humanae vitae'' could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies.<ref name="Herder 549" /> The [[Jesuit]] journal ''Sic'' dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sic |volume=31|issue=308|date=October 1968|pages=359–79}}</ref>

Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the adverse reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid," he reportedly told [[Edouard Gagnon]] on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years' time, they'll call me a prophet."<ref>{{Citation|title=National Catholic Reporter| date=26 August 1988|page=10}}</ref> His biography on the Vatican's website notes his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate".<ref>{{Citation|publisher=Vatican|place=Rome, IT|contribution-url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html|contribution=Biography|title=Pope Paul VI: 1963–1978|access-date=2 March 2006|archive-date=9 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209065234/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] later reaffirmed and expanded upon ''Humanae vitae'' with the encyclical ''[[Evangelium vitae]]''.

===Evangelism===
By taking the name of Paul, the newly elected pope showed his intention to take [[Paul the Apostle]] as a model for his papal ministry.<ref name=DullesChurchSociety>{{cite book |last1=Dulles, SJ |first1=Avery |title=Church and Society, The McGinley Lectures, 1988–2007|date=2008 |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=978-0-8232-2862-1 |pages=546 |edition=Kindle |author1-link=Avery Dulles }}</ref> In 1967, when he reorganised the Roman Curia, Pope Paul renamed the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith as the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]]. Pope Paul was the first pope in history to make apostolic journeys to other continents.<ref name=DullesChurchSociety/> The Pope chose the theme of [[evangelism]] for the synod of bishops in 1974. From materials generated by that synod, he composed the 1975 apostolic exhortation on evangelisation, ''[[Evangelii nuntiandi]]''.<ref name=DullesChurchSociety/>

===Ecumenism and ecumenical relations===
{{Tone|section|date=November 2024}}
After the council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue: The [[Separated brethren|separated brothers and sisters]], as he called them, could not contribute to the council as invited observers. After the council, many took the initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. However, the Catholic Church recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters that much needed to be done within to be an open partner for [[ecumenism]].{{Sfn|Schmidt|pp=811–12}} To those entrusted with the highest and deepest truth, therefore, Paul VI believed that he had the most challenging part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart.{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=177}} Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=181}} Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits,{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=185}} and they underscore the church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.

====Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Apostolic====

Paul VI visited the Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Patriarchs of [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] and [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Constantinople]] in 1964 and 1967. He was the first pope since the ninth century to visit the East, labelling the Eastern Churches as sister churches.<ref name="Franzen 429">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p= 429}}</ref> He was also the first pope in centuries to meet the heads of various [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] communities. Notably, his meeting with [[Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I]] in 1964 in [[Jerusalem]] led to rescinding the [[excommunication]]s of the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], which took place in 1054.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Michael|title=The Vatican|date=2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London|isbn=9780756689001|page=75}}</ref>

This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the [[Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Joint Declaration of 1965]], read on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches.<ref name="Franzen 429" /> In May 1973, the [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic Patriarch]] [[Shenouda III]] of Alexandria from the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint [[creed]] issued after the visit proclaimed unity in a number of theological issues,<ref name="Franzen 430" /> but also that other theological differences "[[Council of Chalcedon|since the year 451]]" "cannot be ignored" while both traditions work to a greater unity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html |title=Common Declaration of Pope Paul VI and of the Pope of Alexandria Shenouda III leader of the Oriental Orthodox Church |last1=Paul VI |last2=Shenouda III |date=10 May 1973 |website=Vatican.va |access-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418033834/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html |archive-date=18 April 2005 }}</ref>

====Anglicans====
Paul VI was the first pope to receive an [[Anglican]] [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Michael Ramsey]], in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop [[Geoffrey Fisher]] to [[Pope John XXIII]] on 2 December 1960.{{Sfn | Guitton | 1967 | p = 198}} Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the [[Anglican Centre in Rome]] to increase their mutual knowledge.<ref name="Schmidt 813">Schmidt 813</ref> He praised Paul VI{{Efn | And John XXIII.}} and his contributions in the service of unity.<ref name="Schmidt 813" /> Paul replied, "By entering into our house, you are entering your own house; we are happy to open our door and heart to you."<ref name="Schmidt 813" /> The two church leaders signed a joint declaration, ending past disputes and outlining a common future agenda.

Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]], the head of the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity]], added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it."<ref>Schmidt 814</ref> Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the [[Creed]] since the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]].<ref>Schmidt 815</ref> Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church." This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.<!--- [[John Paul II]]. In [[Dominus Jesus]] and [[Benedict XVI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> denied Church character to Anglican and Protestant churches because Catholics do not recognise their [[apostolic succession]].-->

====Protestants====
In 1965, Paul VI decided to create a joint working group with the [[World Council of Churches]] to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. Eight sessions were held in the following three years, resulting in many joint proposals.<ref>Schmidt 822–824</ref> It was proposed to work closely together in social justice and development and "Third World" issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to be shared in the [[Week of Prayer for Christian Unity]], which would be held annually. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians.<ref>Schmidt 826</ref> On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in [[Uppsala]], Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing ecumenically: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity."<ref>Schmidt 827.</ref> The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

The [[Lutheran]]s were the first Protestant church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in [[Reykjavík]], Iceland.<ref>Schmidt 830,</ref> It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the [[Methodist Church]] began in October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded the past five years' remarkable changes, friendship, and cooperation. The [[Reformed Church]]es entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church.<ref>Schmidt 831</ref> The President of the [[Lutheran World Federation]] and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches [[Fredrik A. Schiotz]] stated during the 450th anniversary of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the [[Apostle Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul]], and promised participation and co-operation in the festivities.<ref>Schmidt 833</ref>

Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on many levels. When Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]] went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the Pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "As far as the cooperation with [[Bible society|Bible societies]] is concerned, I am totally in favour."<ref>Schmidt 835</ref> He issued a formal approval on [[Pentecost]] 1967, the feast on which the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.<ref>Schmidt 837</ref>

===Beatifications and canonisations===
{{Main|List of people declared venerable by Pope Paul VI|List of people beatified by Pope Paul VI|List of saints canonized by Pope Paul VI}}
Paul VI beatified 38 individuals in his pontificate and [[Canonization|canonized]] 84 saints in 21 causes. Among the [[beatification]]s included [[Maximilian Kolbe]] (1971) and the [[Korean Martyrs]] (1968). He canonised saints such as [[Nikola Tavelić]] (1970) and the [[Ugandan Martyrs]] (1964).

Paul VI also named two [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]] and, in so doing, named the first two female Doctors of the Church. He named [[Teresa of Ávila]] (he titled her "''Doctor orationis''" or "Doctor of Prayer") on 27 September 1970 and [[Catherine of Siena]] on 4 October 1970.

===Consistories===
{{Main|Cardinals created by Paul VI}}
[[File:Karol Wojtyla's cardinal proclamation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paul VI makes Karol Wojtyła (the future [[Pope John Paul II]]) a cardinal in 1967.]]
[[File:Paulo VI e Ratzinger.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paul VI with Joseph Ratzinger (the future [[Pope Benedict XVI]]) who was created cardinal in the 1977 consistory]]

Pope Paul VI held six [[Papal consistory|consistories]] between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] in his fifteen years as pope:
* 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals
* 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals
* 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals
* 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals
* 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals
* 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals

The successive three popes were created [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]] by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name [[Pope John Paul I]], was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Józef Wojtyła (later [[Pope John Paul II]]) was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger (later [[Pope Benedict XVI]]) was made a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 that was the Pope's last.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} Paul VI named [[Štěpán Trochta]] and [[Iuliu Hossu]] as cardinals "{{lang|la|[[in pectore]]}}" in 1969 and only revealed Hossu's name in 1973 after Hossu died while formally naming Trochta. Similarly, Paul VI named both [[František Tomášek]] and [[Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê]] "''in pectore''" in 1976, only announcing the former in 1977 and the latter at the 1976 consistory itself, a month after having announced it and his hidden selection.

With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalisation policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} Several prominent Latin Americans like [[Eduardo Francisco Pironio]] of Argentina; [[Luis Aponte Martinez]] of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Eugênio de Araújo Sales]] and [[Aloisio Lorscheider]] from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the church at the time saying that the European period of the church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal [[Basil Hume]].{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that membership by bishops in committees and other bodies of the Roman Curia would not be limited to cardinals. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the formal dress of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues were nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} The consistory of 1969 was the largest consistory since 1946 and would be surpassed later in 2001.

In 1965, the theologian [[Romano Guardini]] declined an invitation by Paul VI to be inducted into the College of Cardinals. In 1967, he also intended to nominate [[Pietro Sigismondi]], but he died a month before the consistory was held. Also in 1967, according to the memoirs of [[Louis Bouyer]], Paul VI intended to name Bouyer to the cardinalate after the Second Vatican Council; however, Paul VI was forced to abandon the idea after realizing that the French episcopacy would not warmly receive the appointment since Bouyer had been very critical of many of the positions taken by the French bishops. Other sources indicate that the Pope intended to name his friend [[Jacques Maritain]] to the cardinalate in 1969. Not only did Maritain decline, but if he had been elevated, it would have made him the first [[lay cardinal]] since 1858.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/FR91201.HTM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205160000/https://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/FR91201.HTM|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2000|title=The Christian Personalism of Jacques Maritain|author=Donald DeMarco|publisher=[[EWTN]]}}</ref> On 22 February 1969, Paul VI and Monsignor Hieronymus Menges discussed nominating Iuliu Hossu and [[Áron Márton]] to the cardinalate (Pius XII dropped an idea to name Márton to the cardinalate in 1946), however, Márton's potential elevation was not considered acceptable, hence, Hossu was named ''in pectore'' since the Romanians would not have accepted Hossu either.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PaulVI|title=Paul VI (1963-1978)|date=|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|author=Salvador Miranda|accessdate=18 February 2022|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114162625/https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PaulVI|url-status=live}}</ref>