Editing Pope Adrian IV (section)

==Imperial trouble at Sutri, late 1155==
[[File:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|thumb|upright|Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, as depicted in a 12th-century chronicle|alt=contemporary colour illustration of Frederick I]]
Barbarossa had received the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]]—as [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|King of Italy]]—in [[Pavia]], but also wished to receive his [[Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Crown]] from the Pope.{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} Adrian originally saw the Emperor as protector and defender of the church.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}} Both parties, notes Ullmann, were unpopular in Rome:{{sfn|Ullmann|2003|p=122}}
{{blockquote|text=Because of fear of Roman hostility and disturbances the imperial coronation on 18 June 1155 had to be performed secretly on a Saturday (instead of on a Sunday as usual) in order to mislead the Romans, all this being somewhat incongruous for "the lord of the world and master of Rome" who was there with his armed forces.{{sfn|Ullmann|2003|p=122}}}} 
To this end, Adrian and Barbarossa met at [[Sutri]] in early June 1155.{{refn|The sources have not recorded the precise date of the meeting, but the 7th,{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} 8th or 9th of the month all seem most likely.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=140}}|group=note}} This soon, says Sayers, "turned out to be a spectacular contest between the two to gain propagandist supremacy".{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Adrian, reports an Imperial chronicler, was there "with the entire Roman Church, met us joyfully, paternally offered us holy consecration and complained to us of the injuries he had suffered at the hands of the Roman populace".{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=140}} Barbarossa later recalled the ceremony in a letter to the Eastern Emperor in 1189:
{{blockquote|text=For in the city of Rome, which is known as the lady and head of the world, we received the crown and rule over all of Christianity from the altar of St Peter, Prince of the Apostles, and were solemnly anointed with the oil of majesty by the lord Pope Adrian, the successor to St Peter, before our fellows, and our name is held to be famous and glorious because of this".{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=152}}}}
Adrian may have been caught off-balance by the Emperor's swift entry into Italy and the speed with which he approached Rome. The dispute was sparked by Barbarossa's unwillingness to act as the Pope's [[strator]];{{sfn|Rotondo-McCord|2001|p=284}} lead the Pope's horse by the bridle—or to assist Adrian in dismounting—as was traditionally expected. In response, the Pope refused the Emperor the [[kiss of peace]];{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} the Emperor was still willing to perform the duty of kissing Adrian's feet, though.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} These were minor affronts at best, says Barber, "but in an age so highly conscious of symbolic acts", took on a greater political import.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}}

The confusion at Sutri may have been accidental,{{sfn|Morris|1989|p=191}} but Frederick also took offence at a mural{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=130}} in the [[Lateran]] of his predecessor Luthar which described the Emperor as a [[liegeman]] of the Pope.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=102}} The painting was inscribed with the verse

{{Blockquote|<poem>The king comes before the gates, first swearing to
  uphold the rights of the city.
Then he becomes the liegeman of the pope;
  he accepts the crown, which the pope gives.{{sfn|Jong|2013|p=163}}</poem>}}
Indignant,{{sfn|Jong|2013|p=163}} Barbarossa made a "friendly reproach" to the Pope.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} In a letter to a German bishop, he explained, "it began with a picture. The picture became an inscription. The inscription seeks to become an authoritative utterance. We shall not endure it, we shall not submit to it."{{sfn|Jong|2013|p=163}} Adrian told Barbarossa he would have it removed,{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=102}}{{refn|The affair was presumably settled diplomatically, as Barbarossa accepted his crown from Adrian in spite of it, and yet the picture remained in the Lateran until at least the 16th century.{{sfn|Jong|2013|p=163}}|group=note}} "lest so trifling a matter might afford the greatest men in the world an occasion for dispute and discord.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=206}} In the event, Adrian did not,{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=102}} and by 1158 Imperial commentators were describing the matter of the painting and its inscription as the fundamental cause of the dispute between Pope and Emperor.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=207}} Adrian, says Freed, was "perplexed" at the Emperor's refusal to offer him squire service: he "dismounted and seated himself on a folding stool".{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=141}} Barbarossa, if he wished to be crowned, had limited options against the Pope. He took advice from councillors{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} based on records of "the more ancient princes and especially those who had come with King Lothar to Pope Innocent".{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} An entire day was spent{{sfn|Collins|2009|p=229}} inspecting both "old documents",{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=141}}{{refn|The precise nature of these "old documents" remains unclear; it is possible that they were fragments of Constantine's "Donation".{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=141}}|group=note}} and hearing from those of his entourage who had been present at the 1131 ceremony.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=321}} The Pope's party saw this as a sign of aggression, and deserted Adrian for the security of a nearby castle.{{sfn|Collins|2009|p=229}}

===Imperial coronation, 1155===
The Emperor was, though, eventually persuaded, performed the necessary services. He was eventually crowned in [[Nepi]] on 18 June.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}}{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}}{{refn|Both parties' perspectives were recorded subsequently by sympathetic chroniclers. That of the Empire recorded a meeting characterised by peace and harmony, while Boso describes a tense situation in which the honour of the Papacy was at stake.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}}|group=note}} Peace was maintained at Nepi, however, and both Pope and Emperor dined together, wearing their crowns in a joint celebration of the Feast of [[Saints Peter and Paul]].{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} There was much rejoicing, and contemporaries went so far as to proclaim that "a single state had been created from two princely courts".{{sfn|Freed|2016|pp=25–26}} Ullmann, on the other hand, argues that, not only was the Emperor's power clearly derivative of the Pope but that Adrian himself had further diluted it in his rendition of the coronation ceremony.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|pp=240–241}}{{refn|Not only was the Emperor anointed on the shoulder, rather than as previously, on the head, but Adrian introduced a lower-quality oil. He also altered the procedural order of the ceremony. Since 1014, Emperors were first consecrated by the cardinals and then anointed by the Pope, within the [[Coronation Mass]] itself. Adrian, however, decided that the anointing should come before the mass. Explains Ullmann, "the underlying reason being that only an ecclesiastical ordo was conferred during mass, but since the future emperor did not receive an ordo, the unction had to be performed before the mass".{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=241}}|group=note}} Nor was there an official enthronement for the new emperor.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=242}}

This ceremony, says Sayers, was arguably a new version of the traditional one, which now "highlight[ed] the difference between the anointing of a mere layman and that of a priest".{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Previously, Emperors had been anointed on the head, as a priest was; this time, Adrian anointed Barbarossa between the shoulders.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Further, the Pope invested him with a sword, which emphasised the Emperor's role—as Adrian saw it—as the defender of the Papacy and its privileges.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Adrian, on the other hand, disallowed his [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancery]] from addressing the Emperor by either of his preferred titles, ''augustus semper'' or ''semper augustus''.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=56}} It may be that Adrian had been frightened by the Emperor's decisive approach on Rome{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=144}}—Duggan notes he "impos[ed] obedience on recalcitrant cities and proclaim[ed] the resumption of Imperial rights" as he did.{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=109}} If so, that may have led him to over-reacting the face of a perceived slight, however small.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=144}}

Following the Imperial coronation, both sides appear to have taken extra care to ensure they abided by the Treaty of Constance. Barbarossa, for example, refused to entertain an embassy from the Roman commune.{{sfn|Morris|1989|p=191}} He did not, however, further perform as Adrian hoped, and did not defend the Papacy.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Indeed, he stayed in Rome only enough time to be crowned, and then left immediately: "dubious protection" for the Pope, comments Barber.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}} Before he left, however, his army was drawn into a bloody clash with Rome's citizens,{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} incensed at what they saw as a display of Imperial authority in their city.{{sfn|Whalen|2014|p=126}} Over 1,000 Romans died.{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} The Senate continued revolting in Rome and William of Sicily remained entrenched in the Patrimony. Adrian was trapped between King and Emperor.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Freed suggests that Barbarossa's failure to suppress the Roman commune for Adrian led the Pope to believe the Emperor had broken the Treaty of Constance.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=152}} Further, on the Emperor's march north, his army [[Looting|sacked]] and [[Demolition|razed]] the town of [[Spoleto]].{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} Adrian left Rome also, as his relations with the commune were still too fragile for him to be able to guarantee his safety following the Emperor's departure.{{sfn|Whalen|2014|p=126}} As a result, the Pope was left in "virtual exile" in Viterbo,{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} and relations between the two declined further.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}}