Editing Politics of the Philippines (section)

===Military===
{{See also|Armed Forces of the Philippines}}
[[File:2007ManilaPenSiegeMap.jpg|thumb|The 2003 [[Oakwood mutiny]] and 2007 [[Manila Peninsula siege]] saw prominent buildings in [[Makati]] occupied by military forces in opposition to the [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] administration.]]

The Philippine military became officially involved in socioeconomic issues during the [[Hukbalahap Rebellion]].<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|81}}<ref name="Abinales2005"/>{{rp|179}} Its involvement was expanded further by Ferdinand Marcos, who actively used the military for civil work.<ref name="Selochan2004">{{cite book |last1=Selochan |first1=Viberto |editor1-last=May |editor1-first=Ron |editor2-last=Selochan |editor2-first=Viberto |title=The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific |date=March 2004 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942007 |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/military-and-democracy-asia-and-pacific |chapter=The Military and the Fragile Democracy of the Philippines |chapter-url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p33231/pdf/ch0434.pdf |page=59}}</ref> While the 1935 constitution designated the president the Commander in Chief, the 1973 constitution was the first to explicitly include the principle of civilian control of the military.<ref name="Bernas"/>{{rp|8}} Despite this change, during [[martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law under Marcos]], military leaders took over aspects of local government and became directly involved in the economy,<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|80–81}} and the military itself expanded threefold.<ref name="Hedman2005"/>{{rp|88–89}} During this period, the [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|communist]] and [[Moro National Liberation Front|Islamist rebellions in the Philippines]] led to further involvement by the military in politics.<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|82}} Internal opposition to Marcos developed as corruption became more apparent, and following the 1986 elections an apparently failed coup by a military faction sparked what became the [[People Power Revolution]]<ref name="Abinales2005"/>{{rp|223–224}} The military's perceived role in this overthrowing of President Marcos<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|82}} created a precedent for direct intervention into politics.<ref name="Bernas"/>{{rp|11}}

The 1987 constitution kept the 1973 text on civilian rule over the military, although it added that the armed forces were the "protector of the people and the state".<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|83}}<ref name="Bernas"/>{{rp|8}} It also separated the [[Philippine Constabulary]] from the military, while shifting response for internal security from the military to the police.<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|86–87}} However, the military has remained more involved in politics than it was before martial law, playing a role in the 2001 [[Second EDSA Revolution]] which overthrew [[Joseph Estrada|President Estrada]].<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|82}} Failed or suspected coups took place in [[1986–90 Philippine coup attempts|the late 1980s]], [[Oakwood mutiny|2003]], [[2006 state of emergency in the Philippines|2006]],<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|83–84}} and [[Manila Peninsula siege|2007]].<ref name="ChasingtheWind"/>{{rp|98}}

Civilian oversight of the military includes a dedicated deputy ombudsman for the military, investigation by the [[Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)|Commission on Human Rights]], and the jurisdiction of civilian courts. The [[1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt]] led to rebellion and mutiny becoming crimes.<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|80}} As an institution the military is supportive of democracy, with many factions often coming out in opposition to attempted coups.<ref name="ChasingtheWind"/>{{rp|110}} However, weak civilian institutions continue to provide openings for military influence.<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|85, 93}} Amnesty was granted to those involved in past coup attempts in 1992.<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|86}}

The practice of recruiting retired military officers for some executive branch roles, such as ambassadorships, or within cabinet, was started by Marcos and continued after the restoration of democracy.<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|81, 93}} The separation between the police and the military was impeded by the continuing communist and Islamic rebellions.<ref name="Whither"/>{{rp|91}} The president remains able to use the military to rule by decree.<ref name="ChasingtheWind"/>{{rp|102}} Localized instances of martial law have been declared in [[Maguindanao massacre#Declaration of martial law|2009]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Arroyo proclaims martial law in Maguindanao |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/12/04/09/arroyo-orders-martial-law-maguindanao |access-date=30 May 2021 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=4 December 2009 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Proclamation No. 216|2017]], both in Mindanao.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morales |first1=Yvette |title=Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/24/Duterte-declares-martial-law-in-Mindanao.html |access-date=30 May 2021 |work=CNN Philippines |date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524090145/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/24/Duterte-declares-martial-law-in-Mindanao.html |archive-date=24 May 2017 |url-status=dead |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/martial-law-declaration-philippines |title=Martial Law 101: Things you should know |last=Gavilan |first=Jodesz |work=Rappler |date=August 15, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>