Editing Political spectrum (section)

== Other double-axis models ==
=== Greenberg and Jonas: left–right, ideological rigidity ===
In a 2003 ''[[Psychological Bulletin]]'' paper,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Greenberg, J. |author2=Jonas, E. |author2-link=Eva Jonas |title=Psychological Motives and Political Orientation—The Left, the Right, and the Rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003) |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=376–382 |year=2003 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.376 |pmid=12784935 |url=http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf |author1-link=Jeff Greenberg (professor) |citeseerx=10.1.1.396.6599 |access-date=24 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407130351/http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jeff Greenberg (professor)|Jeff Greenberg]] and [[Eva Jonas]] posit a model comprising the standard left–right axis and an axis representing ideological rigidity. For Greenberg and Jonas, ideological rigidity has "much in common with the related concepts of dogmatism and authoritarianism" and is characterized by "believing in strong leaders and submission, preferring one's own in-group, ethnocentrism and nationalism, aggression against dissidents, and control with the help of police and military". Greenberg and Jonas posit that high ideological rigidity can be motivated by "particularly strong needs to reduce fear and uncertainty" and is a primary shared characteristic of "people who subscribe to any extreme government or ideology, whether it is right-wing or left-wing".

=== Inglehart: traditionalist–secular and self expressionist–survivalist ===
[[File:Inglehart Values Map.svg|thumb|A recreation of the [[Ronald Inglehart|Inglehart]]–[[Christian Welzel|Welzel]] cultural map of the world based on the [[World Values Survey]]]]
In its 4 January 2003 issue, ''[[The Economist]]'' discussed a chart,<ref name="worldvaluessurvey.org"/> proposed by [[Ronald Inglehart]] and supported by the [[World Values Survey]] (associated with the [[University of Michigan]]), to plot cultural ideology onto two dimensions. On the y-axis it covered issues of tradition and religion, like [[patriotism]], [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]] and the importance of [[Obedience (human behavior)|obeying]] the law and authority figures. At the bottom of the chart is the traditionalist position on issues like these (with loyalty to country and family and respect for life considered important), while at the top is the secular position. The x-axis deals with self-expression, issues like everyday conduct and dress, acceptance of [[Diversity (politics)|diversity]] (including foreigners) and [[innovation]], and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as [[vegetarianism]], as well as willingness to engage in political [[activism]]. At the right of the chart is the open [[Self-expression Values|self-expressionist]] position, while at the left is its opposite position, which Inglehart calls survivalist. This chart not only has the power to map the values of individuals, but also to compare the values of people in different countries. Placed on this chart, European Union countries in continental Europe come out on the top right, Anglophone countries on the middle right, Latin American countries on the bottom right, African, Middle Eastern and South Asian countries on the bottom left and ex-Communist countries on the top left.

=== Pournelle: liberty–control, irrationalism–rationalism ===
{{main|Pournelle chart}}
This very distinct two-axis model was created by [[Jerry Pournelle]] in 1963 for his doctoral dissertation in political science. The [[Pournelle chart]] has [[liberty]] on one axis, with those on the left seeking freedom from control or protections for [[Deviance (sociology)|social deviance]] and those on the right emphasizing state authority or protections for [[Norm (sociology)|norm]] enforcement (farthest right being state worship, farthest left being the idea of a state as the "ultimate evil").  The other axis is [[rationalism]], defined here as the belief in planned social progress, with those higher up believing that there are problems with society that can be rationally solved and those lower down skeptical of such approaches.

=== Mitchell: ''Eight Ways to Run the Country'' ===
[[File:Mitchell's Eight Political Americans.png|thumb|Mitchell's Eight Political Americans]]
[[File:Mitchell's Eight Ways.png|thumb|Mitchell's Eight Ways]]In 2006, [[Brian Patrick Mitchell]] identified four main political traditions in Anglo-American history based on their regard for ''kratos'' (defined as the use of force) and ''[[archē]]'' or "archy" (defined as the recognition of rank).<ref>{{cite book |first=Brian Patrick |last=Mitchell |title=Eight ways to run the country: a new and revealing look at left and right |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0epWuFdRcC |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-275-99358-0}}</ref> Mitchell grounded the distinction of archy and kratos in the West's historical experience of church and state, crediting the collapse of the Christian consensus on church and state with the appearance of four main divergent traditions in Western political thought:
* [[Republicanism|Republican]] [[constitutionalism]] = pro archy, anti kratos
* [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]] [[individualism]] = anti archy, anti kratos
* [[Democracy|Democratic]] [[progressivism]] = anti archy, pro kratos
* [[Plutocratic]] [[nationalism]] = pro archy, pro kratos

Mitchell charts these traditions graphically using a vertical axis as a scale of kratos/[[akrateia]] and a horizontal axis as a scale of archy/[[anarchy]]. He places democratic progressivism in the lower left, plutocratic nationalism in the lower right, republican constitutionalism in the upper right, and libertarian individualism in the upper left. The political left is therefore distinguished by its rejection of archy, while the political right is distinguished by its acceptance of archy. For Mitchell, anarchy is not the absence of government but the rejection of rank. Thus there can be both anti-government [[anarchists]] (Mitchell's "libertarian individualists") and pro-government anarchists (Mitchell's "democratic progressives", who favor the use of government force against social hierarchies such as [[patriarchy]]). Mitchell also distinguishes between [[Left anarchism|left-wing anarchists]] and [[Anarcho-capitalism|right-wing anarchists]], whom Mitchell renames "akratists" for their opposition to the government's use of force.

From the four main political traditions, Mitchell identifies eight distinct political perspectives diverging from a populist center. Four of these perspectives (Progressive, Individualist, Paleoconservative, and Neoconservative) fit squarely within the four traditions; four others (Paleolibertarian, Theoconservative, Communitarian, and Radical) fit between the traditions, being defined by their singular focus on rank or force.

=== Nolan: economic freedom, personal freedom ===
[[File:Nolan chart normal.svg|thumb|[[Nolan Chart]]]]
{{main|Nolan Chart}}
The [[Nolan Chart]] was created by libertarian [[David Nolan (Libertarian Party)|David Nolan]]. This chart shows what he considers as "[[economic freedom]]" (issues like taxation, free trade and free enterprise) on the horizontal axis and what he considers as "personal freedom" (issues like [[drug legalization]], [[abortion]] and the [[Conscription|draft]]) on the vertical axis. This puts [[Left-wing politics|left-winger]]s in the left quadrant, [[libertarianism|libertarian]]s in the top, [[centrism|centrist]]s in the middle, [[Right-wing politics|right-winger]]s in the right and what Nolan originally named [[populism|populists]] in the bottom.  Several popular online tests, where individuals can self-identify their political values, utilize the same two axes as the Nolan Chart, including [[The Political Compass]], iSideWith.com and MapMyPolitics.org.