Editing Plumbing (section)

==== Plastic ====
{{Main|Plastic pipework}}
[[File:SinkPlumbing.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Plastic hot and cold supply piping for a sink]]
Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and [[Drain-waste-vent system|drain-waste-vent]] (DWV) pipe. Principal types include:
[[Polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when [[Waldo Semon]] of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing [[acrylonitrile butadiene styrene]] (ABS) pipe. The method for producing [[cross-linked polyethylene]] (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.
* [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]]/[[chlorinated polyvinyl chloride|CPVC]] – rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure, introduced around 1970. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it has become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC should be used only for cold water, or for venting. CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply. Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's the difference between PVC and CPVC pipe?|url=http://www.commercial-industrial-supply.com/resource-center/whats-the-difference-between-pvc-and-cpvc-pipe/|date=August 15, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Polypropylene|PP]] – The material is used primarily in housewares, [[food packaging]], and clinical equipment,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/polypropylene-properties-and-uses.html|title=Polypropylene Properties and Uses|author=Bidisha Mukherjee|work=Buzzle|access-date=February 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208001734/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/polypropylene-properties-and-uses.html|archive-date=February 8, 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water. PP pipes are [[heat fusion|heat fused]], being unsuitable for the use of glues, solvents, or mechanical fittings. PP pipe is often used in [[green building]] projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmengineer.com/Articles/Green/2010/06/01/Walking-The-Talk|title=Walking The Talk|work=pmengineer.com}}</ref>
* [[Polybutylene terephthalate|PBT]] – flexible (usually gray or black) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring. The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class-action lawsuit over failures of this system.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} However, PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes, typically first for "exposed locations" such as risers.
* [[PEX]] – cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs, and crimped steel or copper rings.
* Polytanks – plastic polyethylene cisterns, underground water tanks, above ground water tanks, are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank, provided in white, black or green.
* Aqua – known as PEX-Al-PEX, for its PEX/aluminum sandwich, consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX, and connected with modified brass compression fittings. In 2005, many of these fittings were recalled.{{Elucidate|date=March 2012}}

Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes in buildings are now made of copper,<ref>''Copper Tube Handbook'', the Copper Development Association, New York, USA, 2006</ref> brass, plastic (particularly [[cross-linked polyethylene]] called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes<ref>[http://www.builderonline.com/legislation/californias-pex-battle-continues.aspx California’s PEX Battle Continues]. Builderonline.com</ref>), or other nontoxic material. Due to its [[lead poisoning|toxicity]], most cities moved away from lead water-supply piping by the 1920s in the United States,<ref name=Maceketal2006 /> although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rabin|first=Richard|date=March 6, 2017|title=The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes "A MODEST CAMPAIGN"|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=98|issue=9|pages=1584–1592|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555|issn=0090-0036|pmc=2509614|pmid=18633098}}</ref> and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986.<ref name=Maceketal2006>{{Cite journal | last1 = Macek | first1 = MD | last2 = Matte | first2 = TD | last3 = Sinks | first3 = T | last4 = Malvitz | first4 = DM | title = Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States, 1988–1994 | journal =  Environmental Health Perspectives| volume = 114 | issue = 1 | pages = 130–4 |date=Jan 2006 | doi =  10.1289/ehp.8319 |pmc=1332668 |pmid=16393670| bibcode = 2006EnvHP.114..130M }}</ref> Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast iron, or lead.<ref>''Uniform Plumbing Code'', IAPMO</ref><ref>''International Plumbing Code'', ICC</ref>