Editing Plate tectonics (section)

==== Possible tidal effect on plate tectonics{{anchor|Tidal effect}} ====
{{see also|Tidal triggering of earthquakes}}

Of the many forces discussed above, tidal force is still highly debated and defended as a possible principal driving force of plate tectonics. The other forces are only used in global geodynamic models not using plate tectonics concepts (therefore beyond the discussions treated in this section) or proposed as minor modulations within the overall plate tectonics model.
In 1973, George W. Moore{{sfn|Moore|1973}} of the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] and R. C. Bostrom{{sfn|Bostrom|1971}} presented evidence for a general westward drift of Earth's lithosphere with respect to the mantle, based on the steepness of the subduction zones (shallow dipping towards the east, steeply dipping towards the west). They concluded that tidal forces (the tidal lag or "friction") caused by Earth's rotation and the forces acting upon it by the Moon are a driving force for plate tectonics. As Earth spins eastward beneath the Moon, the Moon's gravity ever so slightly pulls Earth's surface layer back westward, just as proposed by Alfred Wegener (see above). Since 1990 this theory has been mainly advocated by Doglioni and co-workers {{Harv|Doglioni|1990}}, such as in a more recent 2006 study,{{sfn|Scoppola|Boccaletti|Bevis|Carminati|2006}} where scientists reviewed and advocated these ideas. It has been suggested in {{Harvtxt|Lovett|2006}} that this observation may also explain why [[Venus]] and [[Mars]] have no plate tectonics, as Venus has no moon and Mars' moons are too small to have significant tidal effects on the planet. In a paper by Torsvik et al.,{{sfn|Torsvik|Steinberger|Gurnis|Gaina|2010}} it was suggested that, on the other hand, it can easily be observed that many plates are moving north and eastward, and that the dominantly westward motion of the Pacific Ocean basins derives simply from the eastward bias of the Pacific spreading center (which is not a predicted manifestation of such lunar forces). In the same paper the authors admit, however, that relative to the lower mantle, there is a slight westward component in the motions of all the plates. They demonstrated though that the westward drift, seen only for the past 30&nbsp;Ma, is attributed to the increased dominance of the steadily growing and accelerating Pacific plate. The debate is still open, and a 2022 paper by Hofmeister et al.{{Sfn|Hofmeister|Criss|Criss|2022}} revived the idea of the interaction between the Earth's rotation and the Moon as the main driving force for plate movement.