Editing Piri Reis (section)

== Legacy ==
[[File:PiriReis IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG|thumb|right|alt=sculpture|Bust of Piri Reis in the [[Istanbul Naval Museum]]]]

During his own life, there was limited appreciation for Piri Reis' cartography. Historian Svat Soucek said of the cartographic works of Piri Reis, "They show that although the Ottoman Empire had the potential to participate in the discoveries, its ruling elite spurned the attempt to blaze a trail in this direction".<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=143}}.</ref> The 1513 world map disappeared from the historical record until its rediscovery centuries later.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p270"/> There is no evidence that either version of his atlas circulated outside the royal palace prior to 1550.<ref name="Casale-2010-p186" /> The copies produced in the following centuries were often created for their aesthetic or artistic value.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p141" /> No Turkish school of cartography or navigation was established to build on his work.<ref name="Soucek-1994-p135">{{harvnb|Soucek|1994|p=135}}.</ref> [[Murat Reis the Elder]]'s expedition to the [[Canary Islands]] and the 1586 [[Sack of Lanzarote (1586)|Sack of Lanzarote]] were some of the few times when Piri Reis' Atlantic cartography was likely used by the Ottoman Navy.<ref name="Muhaj-2014-p265">{{harvnb|Muhaj|2014|p=265}}.</ref> The empire's navy—even during the Canary Islands expedition—remained largely composed of oar-driven galleys after the point where other naval powers were moving to sailing ships that were more suited to the open oceans.<ref name="Muhaj-2014-p265" /> Ottoman scholar [[Kâtip Çelebi]] built on the ''Kitab-i Bahriye'' in his seventeenth-century work, ''Müntehab-ı Bahriyye''.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarıcaoğlu|2009|p=120}}.</ref> By the eighteenth century, major works of cartography from Western Europe were being translated into Turkish.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarıcaoğlu|2009|pp=123–124}}.</ref>

When Piri Reis' world map was unearthed in 1929, it received international media attention for containing the surviving piece of an otherwise lost map of Christopher Columbus.<ref name="Gerber-2010-p199"/> Turkey's first president, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], took an interest in the map and initiated [[project]]s to publish facsimiles and conduct research.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p= 4}}.</ref> Discovered during [[Atatürk's reforms]], the map was a point of national pride. Its rediscovery also sparked interest in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p141"/><ref name="Soucek-1994-p135" /> A facsimile of the book's second version was published by the [[Turkish Historical Society]] in 1935,<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|pp=135–144}}.</ref> and a four-volume facsimile with photographic quality was published in 1988.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004|loc=pt. 2}}.</ref> Several ships and submarines have been named after him, including the [[RV K. Piri Reis|RV K. ''Piri Reis'']] and [[Reis-class submarine|TCG ''Pirireis'']].<ref>{{harvnb|Ozberk|2024}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NHHC|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Newsroom|2024}}.</ref> The [[Piri Reis University]] for maritime studies was founded in 2008.<ref>{{harvnb|Tethys|2024}}.</ref> In the Turkish TV series ''[[Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean]]'', he is portrayed by actor Emir Benderlioğlu.<ref>{{harvnb|Tarihi|2022}}.</ref>

Piri Reis' 1513 world map is the target of various pseudoscientific claims and is sometimes invoked in broader pop culture as an unsolved mystery. Civil engineer [[Marta Wittkowska#Marriage|Arlington Mallery]], professor [[Charles Hapgood]], and Hapgood's students developed the hypothesis that the 1513 world map contained cartographic information, notably from an ice-free Antarctic coast, that exceeded the map-making abilities of the sixteenth century. In his 1966 book ''Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings'', Hapgood claims islands along the map's southern Atlantic shore to be ice-covered mountains in Antarctica's [[Queen Maud Land]] region.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=53–58}}.</ref> Hapgood's book was met with skepticism due to its lack of evidence and reliance on [[Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis|polar shift]].<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=60–62}}; |{{harvnb|Stunkel|1967}};|{{harvnb|Davies|1985}}.}}</ref> According to geologist Paul Heinrich, the book also did not account for [[post-glacial rebound]], and the 1949 survey initially cited by Mallery could not measure even one percent of the area drawn in the Piri Reis map. Subsequent studies have shown no significant similarities to Antarctica's coast.<ref>{{harvnb|Heinrich|2001}}.</ref> Hapgood's claims have been uncritically repeated by [[Erich von Däniken]] in support of [[ancient astronauts]] and by [[Graham Hancock]] in support of an advanced lost civilization.<ref>{{harvnb|Fagan|2006|p=35}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=58}}.</ref> The map and polar shift were key plot elements in [[Allan W. Eckert]]'s science fiction novel ''[[The HAB Theory]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|pp=65–67}}.</ref> Piri Reis is a character in the ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' franchise. In the 2010 video game ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'', a group of Italian [[Assassination|Assassins]] sent from Rome to Constantinople by [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] infiltrates Piri Reis' shop to steal some of his maps detailing the New World, to match the [[Templars]]' expansion into the new lands.<ref>{{harvnb|Ubisoft Montreal|2010}}.</ref> He appears in its 2011 sequel ''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'', set in early sixteenth-century Constantinople.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoekstra|2024}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ritman|2011}}.</ref>