Editing Pipeline (section)

==Other systems==

===District heating===
[[File:Fernwärmeleitung Dü StPö mit Kraftwerk Dürnrohr.jpg|thumb|200px|District heating pipeline in Austria with a length of 31&nbsp;km<ref name="Wärmetransportleitung">[http://www.gaswaerme.at/de/pdf/10-1/oberhammer.pdf Andreas Oberhammer; The longest heat transfer pipeline in Austria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706092155/http://www.gaswaerme.at/de/pdf/10-1/oberhammer.pdf |date=2011-07-06}} Paper in German. Retrieved 2010-09-20</ref>]]
{{Main|District heating}}

District heating or ''teleheating'' systems consist of a network of [[insulated pipe|insulated]] feed and return pipes which transport heated water, [[pressurized hot water]], or sometimes [[steam]] to the customer. While steam is hottest and may be used in [[industrial process]]es due to its higher temperature, it is less [[thermal efficiency|efficient]] to produce and transport due to greater heat losses. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for economic and ecological reasons. The typical annual loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10%, as seen in Norway's district heating network.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nve.no/global/energi/analyser/energi%20i%20norge%20folder/energy%20in%20norway%202009%20edition.pdf |title=Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate |access-date=2011-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144652/http://www.nve.no/global/energi/analyser/energi%20i%20norge%20folder/energy%20in%20norway%202009%20edition.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28}}
</ref>

District heating pipelines are normally installed underground, with some exceptions. Within the system, [[thermal energy storage|heat storage]] may be installed to even out peak load demands. Heat is transferred into the [[central heating]] of the dwellings through [[heat exchanger]]s at [[district heating substation|heat substations]], without mixing of the fluids in either system.

===Beer===
[[File:Thor pipeline.jpg|thumb|alt=Thor Pipeline in Randers, Denmark|Thor Pipeline in [[Randers]], Denmark]]

Bars in the [[Veltins-Arena]], a major [[Association football|football]] ground in [[Gelsenkirchen]], Germany, are interconnected by a {{convert|5|km|adj=on}} long beer pipeline. In [[Randers]] city in Denmark, the so-called Thor Beer pipeline was operated. Originally, copper pipes ran directly from the brewery, but when the brewery moved out of the city in the 1990s, Thor Beer replaced it with a giant tank.

A three-kilometer beer pipeline was completed in [[Bruges]], Belgium in September 2016 to reduce truck traffic on the city streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2016/09/15/bruges-beer-pipeline-becomes-reality|title=Bruges' Beer Pipeline Becomes Reality|date=September 15, 2016|language=en|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref>

===Brine===
The village of [[Hallstatt]] in Austria, which is known for its long history of [[salt mine|salt mining]], claims to contain "the oldest industrial pipeline in the world", dating back to 1595.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualvienna.net/columns/billie/hallstatt/hallstatt.html |title=Hallstatt's White Gold – Salt |access-date=2007-05-15 |author=Billie Ann Lopez |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210142713/http://www.virtualvienna.net/columns/billie/hallstatt/hallstatt.html |archive-date=2007-02-10 }}</ref> It was constructed from 13,000 hollowed-out tree [[trunk (botany)|trunks]] to transport [[brine]] {{convert|40|km}} from Hallstatt to [[Ebensee]].<ref>See the article [[Hallstatt]] for details and references.</ref>

===Milk===
Between 1978 and 1994, a 15&nbsp;km milk pipeline ran between the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] island of [[Ameland]] and [[Holwerd]] on the mainland, of which 8&nbsp;km was beneath the [[Wadden Sea]]. Every day, 30,000 litres of milk produced on the island were transported to be processed on the mainland. In 1994, the pipeline was abandoned.<ref>[http://www.digibron.nl/search/detail/012df08e8a4ffc97d1a4d1a1/amelandse-melk-niet-meer-door-wkddenzeepijp Amelandse melk niet meer door Waddenzeepijp], Reformatorisch Dagblad 20 January 1994.</ref>

=== Pneumatic transport ===
[[File:Washington, D.C. Miss Helen Ringwald works with the pneumatic tubes.jpg|thumb|A pneumatic tube system in Washington, D.C., in 1943]]
{{Main|Pneumatic tube}}

Rather than transporting fluids, pneumatic tubes are usually used to transport solids in a cylindrical container by compressed air or by partial vacuum. They were most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and were used to transport small solid objects within a building, e.g. documents in an office or money in a bank. By the 21st century, pneumatic tube transport had been mostly superseded by digital solutions for transporting information, but is still used in cases where convenience and speed in a local environment are important. Hospitals, for example, use them to deliver drugs and specimens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wykes |first=Sara |date=2010-01-11 |title=Gone with the wind: Tubes are whisking samples across hospital |url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2010/01/gone-with-the-wind-tubes-are-whisking-samples-across-hospital.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=[[Stanford University School of Medicine]] |language=en-US}}</ref>