Editing Photography (section)

== Techniques ==
[[File:Chicago-Calder-Diagonal.jpg|alt=|thumb|Angles such as vertical, horizontal, or as pictured here diagonal are considered important photographic techniques.]]
A large variety of photographic techniques and media are used in the process of capturing images for photography. These include the camera; dual photography; full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared media; light field photography; and other imaging techniques.

=== Cameras ===
{{Main|Camera}}
The camera is the image-forming device, and a [[photographic plate]], [[photographic film]] or a [[silicon]] electronic [[image sensor]] is the capture medium. The respective recording medium can be the plate or film itself, or a digital magnetic or electronic memory.<ref>{{cite web
| url          = http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/glossary/
| title        = Glossary: Digital Photography Review
| publisher    = Dpreview.com
| access-date   = 24 June 2013
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130118033153/http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?%2Fglossary%2F
| archive-date = 18 January 2013
| url-status   = dead
}}</ref>

Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a "[[latent image]]" (on plate or film) or [[RAW file]] (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. [[Digital photography|Digital cameras]] use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) or [[complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on a paper.

The camera (or '[[camera obscura]]') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. It was discovered and used in the 16th century by painters. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see [[Process camera]]).

As soon as photographic materials became "fast" (sensitive) enough for taking [[Candid photography|candid]] or surreptitious pictures, small "detective" cameras were made, some actually disguised as a book or handbag or pocket watch (the ''Ticka'' camera) or even worn hidden behind an [[Ascot tie|Ascot]] necktie with a tie pin that was really the lens.

The [[movie camera]] is a type of photographic camera that takes a rapid sequence of photographs on recording medium. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame". This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion.<ref>{{cite journal
| url         = http://www.uca.edu/org/ccsmi/ccsmi/classicwork/Myth%20Revisited.htm
| author1     = Anderson, Joseph
| author2     = Anderson, Barbara
| title       = The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited
| journal     = Journal of Film and Video
| volume      = 45
| issue       = 1
| date        = Spring 1993
| pages       = 3–12
| url-status  = dead
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20091124182503/http://www.uca.edu/org/ccsmi/ccsmi/classicwork/Myth%20Revisited.htm
| archive-date = 24 November 2009
}}</ref>

=== Stereoscopic ===
{{Main|Stereoscopy}}
Photographs, both monochrome and color, can be captured and displayed through two side-by-side images that emulate human stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic photography was the first that captured figures in motion.<ref>{{cite journal
| author  = Belisle, Brooke
| url     = https://www.academia.edu/4450652
| title   = The Dimensional Image: Overlaps In Stereoscopic, Cinematic, And Digital Depth
| journal = Film Criticism
| volume  = 37/38
| issue   = 3/1
| pages   = 117–37
| year    = 2013
}}</ref> While known colloquially as "3-D" photography, the more accurate term is stereoscopy. Such cameras have long been realized by using film and more recently in digital electronic methods (including cell phone cameras).

=== Dualphotography ===
{{Main|Dualphotography}}
[[File:1485016840 IMG 7518.JPG larger.jpg|thumb|An example of a dualphoto using a smartphone based app]]
Dualphotography consists of photographing a scene from both sides of a photographic device at once (e.g. camera for back-to-back dualphotography, or two networked cameras for portal-plane dualphotography). The dualphoto apparatus can be used to simultaneously capture both the subject and the photographer, or both sides of a geographical place at once, thus adding a supplementary narrative layer to that of a single image.<ref>{{cite news
| title        = An introduction to Dualphotography
| first        = Tristan
| last         = Zand
| url          = https://medium.com/dualphoto/an-introduction-to-dualphotography-b17f02049bbf
| publisher    = Medium.com
| work         = Dual.Photo
| date         = 8 April 2017
| access-date  = 15 April 2017
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044530/https://medium.com/dualphoto/an-introduction-to-dualphotography-b17f02049bbf
| archive-date = 16 April 2017
| url-status   = live
}}</ref>

=== Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared ===
{{Main|Full spectrum photography}}
[[File:Saturn's Rings in Ultraviolet Light.png|thumb|This image of the [[rings of Saturn]] is an example of the application of [[ultraviolet photography]] in [[ultraviolet astronomy|astronomy]].]]

[[Ultraviolet photography|Ultraviolet]] and [[infrared photography|infrared]] films have been available for many decades and employed in a variety of photographic avenues since the 1960s. New technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in [[full spectrum photography]], where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions.

Modified digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet, all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum, as most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350&nbsp;nm to 1000&nbsp;nm. An off-the-shelf digital camera contains an infrared [[hot mirror]] filter that blocks most of the infrared and a bit of the ultraviolet that would otherwise be detected by the sensor, narrowing the accepted range from about 400&nbsp;nm to 700&nbsp;nm.<ref>Twede, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215235949/http://surrealcolor.110mb.com/IR_explained_web/IR_explained.htm#CamColor Introduction to Full-Spectrum and Infrared photography]. surrealcolor.110mb.com</ref>

Replacing a hot mirror or infrared blocking filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter allows the camera to detect the wider spectrum light at greater sensitivity. Without the hot-mirror, the red, green and blue (or cyan, yellow and magenta) colored micro-filters placed over the sensor elements pass varying amounts of ultraviolet (blue window) and infrared (primarily red and somewhat lesser the green and blue micro-filters).

Uses of full spectrum photography are for [[fine art photography]], [[Remote sensing#Geodetic|geology]], [[History of forensic photography|forensics]] and law enforcement.

==={{anchor|layering}}Layering===<!---Redirects target this anchor. If there is a better home for the topic, please move it all and check the redirects.--->
Layering is a photographic [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]] technique that manipulates the foreground, subject or middle-ground, and background layers in a way that they all work together to tell a story through the image.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lackey | first=Tamara | title=Incorporating Layering Composition Into Your Photography | website=42 West | date=12 May 2016 | url=https://www.adorama.com/alc/incorporating-layering-composition-into-your-photography/ | access-date=14 September 2021 | archive-date=14 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914064915/https://www.adorama.com/alc/incorporating-layering-composition-into-your-photography/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Layers may be incorporated by altering the focal length, distorting the perspective by positioning the camera in a certain spot.<ref>{{cite web | title=Using layers to enhance your photography|first=Dylan |last=Goldby | website=Fujilove Magazine | date=20 January 2019 | url=https://fujilove.com/using-layers-to-enhance-your-photography/ | access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref> People, movement, light and a variety of objects can be used in layering.<ref>{{cite web | title=How to use layering in photography for exceptional photos | website=Parker Photographic | date=1 December 2020 | url=https://parkerphotographic.com/how-to-use-layering-in-photography/ | access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

=== Light field ===
{{See also|Light-field camera}}
Digital methods of image capture and display processing have enabled the new technology of "light field photography" (also known as synthetic aperture photography). This process allows focusing at various depths of field to be selected ''after'' the photograph has been captured.<ref>[[Ren Ng|Ng, Ren]] (July 2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120916121457/http://www.lytro.com/renng-thesis.pdf Digital Light Field Photography]. PhD Thesis, Stanford University</ref> As explained by [[Michael Faraday]] in 1846, the "[[light field]]" is understood as 5-dimensional, with each point in 3-D space having attributes of two more angles that define the direction of each ray passing through that point.

These additional vector attributes can be captured optically through the use of [[microlenses]] at each pixel point within the 2-dimensional image sensor. Every pixel of the final image is actually a selection from each sub-array located under each microlens, as identified by a post-image capture focus algorithm.

[[File:Müürlooga (Arabidopsis thaliana) lehekarv (trihhoom) 311 0804.JPG|thumb|Devices other than cameras can be used to record images. [[Trichome]] of ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' seen via [[scanning electron microscope]]. Note that image has been [[Image editing|edited]] by adding colors to clarify structure or to add an aesthetic effect. Heiti Paves from [[Tallinn University of Technology]].]]

=== Other ===
Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a [[photocopy]] or [[xerography]] machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static [[Electric charge|electrical charges]] rather than photographic medium, hence the term [[electrophotography]]. [[Photogram]]s are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an [[image scanner]] to produce digital pictures.