Editing Phonetics (section)

==== Pharyngeal and laryngeal ====
Consonants made by constrictions of the throat are pharyngeals, and those made by a constriction in the larynx are laryngeal. Laryngeals are made using the vocal folds as the larynx is too far down the throat to reach with the tongue. Pharyngeals however are close enough to the mouth that parts of the tongue can reach them.

Radical consonants either use the root of the tongue or the [[epiglottis]] during production and are produced very far back in the vocal tract.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=11}} [[Pharyngeal consonant]]s are made by retracting the root of the tongue far enough to almost touch the wall of the [[pharynx]]. Due to production difficulties, only fricatives and approximants can be produced this way.{{Sfn|Lodge|2009|p=33}}{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=37}} [[Epiglottal consonant]]s are made with the epiglottis and the back wall of the pharynx. Epiglottal stops have been recorded in [[Dahalo]].{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=37}} Voiced epiglottal consonants are not deemed possible due to the cavity between the [[glottis]] and epiglottis being too small to permit voicing.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=38}}

Glottal consonants are those produced using the vocal folds in the larynx. Because the vocal folds are the source of phonation and below the oro-nasal vocal tract, a number of glottal consonants are impossible such as a voiced glottal stop. Three glottal consonants are possible, a voiceless glottal stop and two glottal fricatives, and all are attested in natural languages.{{sfn|International Phonetic Association|2015}} [[Glottal stop]]s, produced by closing the [[vocal folds]], are notably common in the world's languages.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=38}} While many languages use them to demarcate phrase boundaries, some languages like [[Arabic]] and [[Huautla Mazatec|Huatla Mazatec]] have them as contrastive phonemes. Additionally, glottal stops can be realized as [[laryngealization]] of the following vowel in this language.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=74}} Glottal stops, especially between vowels, do usually not form a complete closure. True glottal stops normally occur only when they are [[geminated]].{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=75}}