Editing Persian language (section)

====Early New Persian====
New Persian texts written in the [[Arabic script]] first appear in the 9th-century.{{sfn|Paul|2000}} The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651).{{sfn|Lazard|1975|p=596}} However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as ''pārsīk'', commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of [[Fars province|Fars]] and used in [[Zoroastrian]] religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital [[Ctesiphon]] and the northeastern Iranian region of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], known as Dari.{{sfn|Paul|2000}}{{sfn|Perry|2011}} The region, which comprised the present territories of northwestern Afghanistan as well as parts of Central Asia, played a leading role in the rise of New Persian. Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Dari Persian thus supplanted [[Parthian language]], which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use.{{sfn|Paul|2000}} New Persian has incorporated many foreign words, including from [[Eastern Iranian languages|eastern]] northern and northern Iranian languages such as [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] and especially Parthian.{{sfn|Lazard|1975|p=597}}
[[File:Persian notes on Quranic booklets, written by a native of Tūs called Ahmad Khayqānī (905 CE).jpg|thumb|Persian notes on [[Quran]]ic booklets, written by a native of [[Tus, Iran|Tus]] called Ahmad Khayqani in 292 AH (905 CE).]]
[[File:کتاب الابنیه عن الحقایق الادویه، برگی از دستنویس محفوظ در کتابخانه ملی اتریش در وین.jpg|thumb|A page from a manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by [[Abu Mansur Muwaffaq]], Copied by [[Asadi Tusi]] in 447 AH (1055 CE).]]
The transition to New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the [[Tahirid dynasty]] (820–872), [[Saffarid dynasty]] (860–903), and [[Samanid Empire]] (874–999).<ref name="Public Domain">Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1920. Early Persian poetry, from the beginnings down to the time of Firdausi. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.17–19. (in [https://archive.org/stream/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft_djvu.txt Public Domain])</ref> Abbas of [[Merv]] is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the New Persian tongue and after him the poems of [[Hanzala Badghisi]] were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time.<ref>Jackson, A. V. Williams.pp.17–19.</ref>

The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in present-day Afghanistan.<ref name=Adamec>{{cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-7815-0 |edition=4th Revised |page=105}}</ref> The first significant Persian poet was [[Rudaki]]. He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in the ''[[Kalīla wa-Dimna|Kalila wa Dimna]]''.<ref name="Persian literature"/>

The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which, among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional [[lingua franca]], a task aided due to its relatively simple morphology, and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century.<ref name="turkiclanguages.com">Johanson, Lars, and Christiane Bulut. 2006. [http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/Johanson2006Cont.pdf Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002000524/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/Johanson2006Cont.pdf |date=2 October 2011}}. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</ref> In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model: [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Chagatai language|Chagatai Turkic]], [[Dobhashi|Dobhashi Bengali]], and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian.<ref name="turkiclanguages.com"/>